Thematic Analysis Of Bless Me, Ultima - 1580 Words

Thematic Analysis of Conflicts in, Bless me, Ultima Differences in others aid to the stimulation of ideas and opinions that expresses an individual s personality. In Rudolfo Anaya’s bildungsroman, Bless Me, Ultima, the struggle between two families and their extreme differences cause numerous conflicts that are constantly present throughout his novel. In this chicano inspired novel, Antonio Marà ©z, the six year old protagonist, is perpetually faced with instances of dissimilarity throughout his life that often make it a challenge to stand out instead of fitting in with the rest of the crowd. When Anaya uses literary elements such as setting his novel as a bildungsroman, symbolism and and imagery it helps intensify the reader s understanding of the novel. Contrasts between good and evil, right and wrong and even teachings within the Marà ©zes own family are a main cause in increasing Antonios level of maturity. Initially, Antonio s family in itself experiences major discrepancies with beliefs in different religions. Antonio s mother, Maria Marà ©z, (formally a Luna), has a strong monotheistic belief in praying to the Virgin of Guadalupe and is very active in her catholic faith. Antonio s mother would always make them pray and often times,â€Å"after supper [they] always prayed the rosary†¦ [she] had a beautiful statue of la Virgen de Guadalupe† that they would kneel in front of and sometimes pray to for hours on end (Anaya 43). Maria had a strong belief thatShow MoreRelatedThematic Analysis Of Bless Me, Ultima1447 Words   |  6 PagesThematic Analysis of Bless Me, Ultima Bless me, Ultima is a book taking place in the 1940’s during world war ll in New Mexico, it is about a young boy named Antonio who is being torn this way and that by his mother, a Luna who wants solely for her son to become a man of knowledge and a priest. His father a Marez vaquero (cowboy) who wants him to be free like all the Marez men before him. Both parents are polar opposites from each other the Luna’s who represent the moon are quite, religious farmersRead MoreLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 Pages1819 by philologist Karl Morgenstern in his university lectures, and later famously reprised by Wilhelm Dilthey, who legitimated it in 1870 and popularized it in 1905.[1] [6] The genre is further characterized by a number of formal, topical, and thematic features.[7] The term coming-of-age novel is sometimes used interchangeably with Bildungsroman, but its use is usually wider and less technical. The birth of the Bildungsroman is normally dated to the publication of Wilhelm Meister s Apprenticeship

Censorship Filters The Media Within The World - 1574 Words

Does censorship filter the media within the world? Censorship has followed the free expressions of men and women like a shadow throughout history. Censorship is a way to filter the media in the world by suppressing unacceptable viewings or hearings by not showing, bleeping out, and covering the distasteful parts. In ancient societies, China for example, censorship was considered a logical tool for regulating the political and moral life of the population. The term censor can be traced to the office of censor established in Rome i 443 BC. In Rome, in the ancient Greek communities, the thought of good governance included shaping the character of the people, although, censorship was regarded as a righteous task. In China, the first censorship law was introduced in 300 AD. Censorship is a healthy way of teaching the world, helps control the influx of information and ideas in society and compresses the violence within the world. Though freedom of speech is legal within the United States of America, all things said, shown, or expressed are not always appropriate. In most cases, inappropriate speech and/or acts lead to illegal acts or urge others to. For example, if someone witnesses a scene, is a part of a scene or hears about it, most will want to converse about it or take part in it creating chaotic controversy. However, more severe forms have led to people or groups such as the Ku Klux Klan being denied certain marching permits or the Westboro Baptist Church being sued,Show MoreRelatedInternet Censorship: Censoring Freedom Essay1707 Words   |  7 Pages With today’s technology, communication and information can travel across the world in a matter of seconds. Ever since the internet was first made publically available in 1991 the ease of accessing entertainment, education, and information has been increasing every year. We now live in an age where roughly 30% of all people in the entire world are connected to the web (World Internet Usage Statistics New and World Population Stats). However, despite the obvious advantages of the internet’s freedomRead MoreSocial Media Public Sphere1164 Words   |  5 Pagescommunicates with one another. There is no doubt that the Internet has changed the way the world interacts with one another on a democratic scale. Can it be said that with the emergence of the Internet, a new public sphere has been created? If so, is this new public sphere capable of embodying the theory that Habermas constructed? Petros Iosifidis article â€Å"The Public Sphere, Social Networks and Public Service M edia† (2011) examines reasons that hinder social networks from becoming a seamless public sphereRead MoreReasons For Why Diversity Within The Public Sphere1390 Words   |  6 Pagesanywhere in the world, even allowing banned information to become accessed such as Join the Caravan (Saul, 2006, p.15). If democratic societies did not have the ability for the people within the society to have input on the public sphere, than not only is the public sphere destroyed but also the notion that the society is democratic. The public service model also shows that democratic societies rely on a diversity of viewpoints as Rowbottom explains, the model allows for media to present the highestRead MoreCensorship And The Media Of Censorship1407 Words   |  6 Pagesthe same can be said about censorship. Censorship and privacy do not solely revolve around leaks and personal intrusions from foreign entities. The advent of social media and cell phones have created new avenues for people to commu nicate and share information; The internet provides people a new and global way to spread information that can be considered worthy of censorship. Many people I know argue that censorship should not be commonplace in the media, in social media, or even in the entire InternetRead MoreFailures of Internet Censorship Essay1890 Words   |  8 PagesInternet censorship is the use of filters or ‘blocks’ to control what is published, access and viewed across the internet. It is used by parents, organisations such as schools and corporations and governments to restrict what their citizen’s access and post online. Internet censorship has occurred since the early days of the public internet, where governments around the world have attempted to address the issue of illegal material, political propaganda, harmful material or content deemed unsuitableRead MorePosition Paper: Censorship1391 Words   |  6 Pages Every structured society has suffered from some form of censor ship of literature, art, or entertainment. Plato, the famous the famous Greek philosopher, was the first to record a method of censorship in a democratic society. In his Republic one of the first guidelines Plato designates is that The first thing will be to establish a censorship of the writers of fiction, and let the censors receive any tale of fiction which is good, and reject the bad; and we will desire mothers and nurses to tellRead MoreThe Internet Can Be A Dark And Dangerous Place1708 Words   |  7 Pages The technology is surge spreading and developing surrounds us. In particular, the Internet has become widespread among the world within rapid time. Nowadays, the Internet is one of the factors that produce the globalization around the world, and it makes our life more convenient. In the past, people were doing their needs via conventional ways, but now they are doing most of them via the Internet. As a result, that proves the amazing usages and benefits of the principle inventionRead MoreConcepts And Ideas Of Sociology899 Words   |  4 PagesConcepts and ideas discussed in sociology has helped me to understand more about others and our surroundings. Agents of socialization are associated within our daily lives; Family, culture, schooling, religion, and media all has a meaning and plays a major role in society influencing who we are. No matter how wealthy or poor one might be. Everyone has influence over each other through the glass looking self, an individual have multiple perceptions of himself uniquely created form one person to theRead More Global Look at Internet Censorship Essay2815 Words   |  12 PagesGlobal Look at Internet Censorship Introduction Many Americans take for granted the freedom that living in the United States allows us. As we go through our days, we whine about our bosses, the governor’s latest political agenda, or read commentary about how the war in Iraq is morally wrong. Whether we are sending e-mail, posting on message boards, or reading the news online, we are guaranteed the same freedom of self expression that we enjoy offline. In other countries, the mere act ofRead MoreEssay about Freedom of Expression on the Internet3920 Words   |  16 PagesIntroduction This paper addresses whether we should censor or block access to websites with controversial material. It looks at the issue from several sides: The relevant US laws that are in place, how censorship is used at the university and corporate levels, how other countries are attempting censorship, and finally what I feel about the topic. Given all that I have read in preparing this paper, I have come to the conclusion that without a set of globally-accepted rules, we should not be censoring

Managing Operational Improvement Occupational Health Psychology

Question: Discuss about theManaging Operational Improvement for Occupational Health Psychology. Answer: Introduction The goal of every organisation is to maximise its profits and establish itself as a well renowned company of its sector. It is likely that organisations bring about changes in their policies and regulations for fulfilling this objective. The strategic planning guidelines to make the necessary changes are likely to start with Adjust your Attitude. This may include three suggestions which are discussed in the subsequent sections. Firstly, every organisation must encourage its staff to cultivate the seven habits of highly effective people described by Dr Stephen Covey (Kumar 2014). The first habit is being proactive where one gains the ability to control ones environment. This will give an employee higher level of confidence. The other habit is to begin personal leadership. Every employee in the organisation must concentrate on the relevant activities that will prevent an individual from distractions and lead towards aims. The third habit refers to personal management where an employee must cultivate habit of organising and implementing activities which are in line with the professional goals. Staying more focused on daily targets will eventually improve employees performance. The ultimate result would be better productivity, in terms of quality and quantity. The fourth habit is to think win-win which refers to interpersonal leadership. Employee performance depends on the cooperative efforts with others. Emplo yee may not have job satisfaction if he or she has confrontation of win-or-lose. The fifth habit is to seek first to understand and then to be understood. This is a powerful communication skill that will help an employee to maintain positive relationship in all aspects of life. The sixth habit refers to cultivating habit of creative cooperation. Employee must observe potential and contributions made by others which will in turn motivate him or her to deliver similar results. The seventh habit refers to self renewal which enables an employee to grow spiritually, physically, mentally, socially and emotionally. In short the seven habits refer to personal fulfilment and stay highly motivated that will help an employee to deliver best performance in the organization and enhance job satisfaction. Dobre (2013) has commented that all organisations have the desire to be successful even though the current market is highly competitive. The companies, whether big or small strive to retain the e mployees as they acknowledge their influence on the organisation and their role in the organisation. For achieving the goals and objective, organisations must develop strategies for investing in human capital. Motivation is a key tool that reinforces human behaviours and it is this motivation that acts as the driving force behind satisfaction of all needs. Secondly every organisation must make the employees feel valued and important for the organisation. If employees do not get the opportunity to use their unique skills and abilities or do not find financial stability in their profession they are dissatisfied and frustrated due to demotivation and lack of interest to perform. Therefore, providing regular training, implementing rewards and recognition scheme may help an employee fell secured in their job and find career advancing opportunities. These steps give an individual with both personal and professional benefits. Eventually, it will encourage the employees to perform better in their role and highly contribute towards the organisational goals (Keim et al. 2014). Thirdly, an organisational leader is responsible to bring people together, motivate and develop a new team. Thus, by being open to new ideas one can profoundly impact on the individual contributor (McShane and Von Glinow 2011). Creativity can be fostered by a great idea that can make everything better. Encouraging new ideas from the team members will make an employee feel recognised and build confidence. Eventually, the employees will effectively and efficiently execute their role. This strategy will help employees to do their job in their own way giving them a sense of empowerment and accountability within the team. It helps build strong working relationships with employees and trust in the organisation. Consequently, they will deliver high performance. A leader can prevent politics in the business to hinder his success by being open to new ideas. This section is the personal reflection on managing operational improvement. The reflection is based on knowledge and concept gained by working on the given assignments, classroom discussions and literature review. I have developed important insights into the concept of operations strategy and operations performance. It is evident from the literature review that the fundamental element to strategic success is operations excellence. I have learnt the difference between the operations strategy and the operations management. The strategic plan sets a direction for the organisation. The operations strategy helps devise long term goals and objectives and various strategies to achieve them. On the other hand the operations management refers to settings objectives for regular or immediate operations and for implementing larger strategic objectives (Slack 2015). The assignment has broadened my concept and helped me realise that the both are closely related. If I would start my own business I will start the planning process with a broad vision. This would encompass all aspects of utilising a strong strategic management plan for setting the functioning of the business on the right tracks. The lessons lea rnt regarding alignment between strategic management and operations management would be implemented carefully. I have always wondered why companies like Amazon, Google are successful in every aspects while some companies struggle to achieve their basic goals. Operational strategy is vital for all organisations from all sectors. It contributes to strategic management of the operations at all levels. For example it can reduce the cost of producing products by efficient transformation of input into output or increase revenue by providing outstanding customer satisfaction (Krajewski et al. 2013). In addition operational management helps reduce risk while providing the basis for future innovation. This contributes to success of the company. I found the bottom up perspective more advantageous than the top-down perspective. It helps to modularise the design of the product. The reasons for this are multi-faceted. Firstly, one can replace manual processes with early automation. Development of custom adapters is fostered in the early phases. Moreover, the organisation can broaden identity management skills. The idea of updating one part of the product without interfering with the design of the main body of the product is applied everywhere. The idea cleared my curiosity that how giant industry like TESCO or Coca Cola, Apple implement high level strategic decision making. It is the concept of emergent strategies that is playing role (Brown et al. 2013). On gaining the knowledge of difference between the operational and strategic objectives I will be able to convert the overarching vision into concrete tasks. I agree with the paper of Ross (2015) that says that the usefulness of strategic objectives is only obtained when it is translated into the operational objectives. By developing presentations on the operations strategy I have learnt how it is influenced by the market requirements that are quality, dependability, speed, flexibility and cost. It is true that the operational experience gives emergent sense of what should be the correct strategy. The assignment has developed my knowledge on how market requirements change over time and how it leads to change in the perspectives. Both the customers and the competitors influence the market positioning. Based on how the competitors have positioned themselves one can determine the strategy to enter the same market (Hedman 2016). This used to appear complicate to me initially however now I am acquainted with various strategies by which one can flourish in similar business well established by others in same market. The important concept of segmentation comes into limelight in this regard. Market segmentation is the process of dividing a business market into sub groups of consumers based on some kind of shared characteristics. This is used to ensure the specification of the price and the product and way of promotion and how to be channelled to customers to satisfy them. This also demands good operational capability of servicing that particular market better (Brown et al. 2013). I was always confused by the popularity of similar products of different brands in the same market. However, understanding the relationship between the operations strategy and performance objectives has given deeper insights into the management process. Setting performance objectives such as targeting broad conference market with chance of higher growth and margin was convincing and resolved my confusion. Other things include ability to differentiate their brand or products from other brands selling similar products. Differentiation may include good presentation advice, high customisation of product, innovative design, fast and reliable supply and the need of prioritising high-quality technical aspects and dependability (Hedman 2016). Establishing business is not enough as it will not be successful if the employees do not perform well. The goal of every organisation is to improve employee performance and satisfaction. In my own business organization I would strive to cultivate the seven habits of highly effective people described by Dr Stephen Covey. Once I master the seven habits I will also be able to encourage the employees to adapt the same. I would provide training opportunities for the employees to read, listen and adopt the seven habits so that they can deliver high performance (Ba et al. 2016). Also as I suggested that every organisation must make the employees feel secure in their jobs, I would implement the same in my professional life. I would introduce the rewards and recognition and scheme to make the employees feel secured in the job. It will encourage the employees to perform better in their role and highly contribute towards the organisational goals (Keim et al. 2014). I have also liked the idea of being open to new ideas. It not only has the benefits in the personal life but also in the professional life. I believe that the creativity can be fostered by a great idea that can make everything better. The same thing can be applied in business as well. As an organisational leader I will fulfil my responsibility to bring people together, motivate and develop them for betterment of the organisation (Talk 2016). I will prevent the business politics by being open to new ideas. In conclusion I would implement strategic planning as DNA for my organisation to achieve success and survival in tough competitive market. The assignment has broaden my knowledge in the area of business management using operation strategy and operation performance. References Ba, B.H., Prins, C. and Prodhon, C., 2016. Models for optimization and performance evaluation of biomass supply chains: An Operations Research perspective.Renewable Energy,87, pp.977-989. Brown, S., Bessant, J.R. and Lamming, R., 2013.Strategic operations management. Routledge. Dobre, O.I., 2013. Employee motivation and organizational performance.Journal of Management and Socio-Economic, (1). Hedman, R., 2016.Capturing the Operational Improvement Potential of Production Systems(Doctoral dissertation, Chalmers University of Technology). Keim, A.C., Landis, R.S., Pierce, C.A. and Earnest, D.R., 2014. Why do employees worry about their jobs? A meta-analytic review of predictors of job insecurity.Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,19(3), p.269. Krajewski, L.J., Ritzman, L.P. and Malhotra, M.K., 2013.Operations management: Processes and supply chains(Vol. 1). New York: Pearson. Kumar, A., 2014. Arun Kumar, Authority on Dr. Stephen Covey's" The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People".Global Journal of Enterprise Information System,6(2), pp.105-105. McShane, S. and Von Glinow, M., 2011.M: Organizational behavior. Irwin/McGraw-Hill. Ross, D.F., 2015. Crafting Business and Supply Chain Strategies. InDistribution Planning and Control(pp. 83-140). Springer US. Slack, N., 2015.Operations strategy. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Talk, O.M., 2016. Operations management. https://business.smu.edu.sg/sites/business.smu.edu.sg/files/business/OperationsManagement/OM%20Major%20Talk%20AY2016_17.pdf

Strategies For Ceylon Electricity Board Commerce Essay Example For Students

Strategies For Ceylon Electricity Board Commerce Essay This study on Ceylon electricity board here on referred to as CEB will analyze the current down falls that it is confronting and the grounds for it will be discussed in the debut. Briefly explicating the statues of CEB and the history of it the study will travel to the strategic facet of CEB. For the intent of this study rational be aftering theoretical account is being used to hold a more structured attack to choosing and measuring the strategic options that will originate to CEB. We will write a custom essay on Strategies For Ceylon Electricity Board Commerce specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The mission and vision of CEB is identified and the stakeholders that will hold involvement in the operations of the direction of CEB will be assessed to make a rounded scheme that will take into history the return holder groups. Mendelow s matrix will be used as a tool for measuring stakeholder power and involvement in CEB. Corporate hierarchy theory will be explained in the context of the company and what sort of signifiers of schemes will each degree of hierarchy demand. Corporate assessment will be carried out to measure the internal and external factors that will be an influence in the creative activity of schemes of the Company. SWOT analysis will be used to place the nucleus internal values of CEB and PEST analysis will be used to place the External factors that will hold consequence on CEB. When choosing appropriate schemes porter s generic schemes will be assessed and Ansoff matrix will be farther looked into. Divestment schemes will besides be looked at bettering the inefficient construction of the province owned corperation.the issues of divestment will besides be analyzed. Treasury will besides be looked at and ways that CEB could cut down their load on them will be reported in this assignment. Finally the recommendations and decision for CEB will be provided in this study to the board of managers of CEB. Contentss Outline1 Recognition2 1. Introduction3 1.1 Case brief4 2. Rational planning tool for strategic preparation5 2.1 Mission and Objective6 2.1.1 Measuring Stakeholder powers of CEB7 2.1.2 The corporate hierarchy theory8 2.2 Critical analysis of Cooperate assessment9 2.2.1 Position Audit10 2.2.2 Environmental analysis11 Component12 Description13 2.3 Strategic option coevals and critical rating14 2.3.1 Poters Generic schemes15 Elementss16 Description17 2.3.2 Product market schemes18 Elementss19 Description20 2.3.3 Divestment schemes21 2.4 Issues in divestment that CEB faced22 3. Reduce load on exchequer23 4. Decision and Recommendation Recognition This study could non hold been successfully completed without Mr. Trevor Mendis `s aid, who Pushed and helped me through the academic plan. He neer accepted less than my best attempts. Thank you. What are collected in this study are stuffs that I found in our press releases, the cognition given by our lector, books and the personal research done through cyberspace. I make no claim to be comprehensive. A particular thanks to our lector once more. This study would hold taken old ages off my life, without you. I would wish to admit and widen our heartfelt gratitude to Mr. Trevor Mendis our Director in IIHE for actuating me in this topic to transport on farther. At last non least I would besides wish to thank my CIMA lectors who bought me to this degree and made this assignment easier and helped me to finish it faster. Thank you! 1. Introduction Ceylon Electricity Board ( CEB ) has a long standing history in this state, for operating since 1968. CEB is presently basking monopoly statues in the energy market in Sri Lanka having about 100 % market portion. The lone rival that CEB faces in Sri Lanka is from lanka electricity company, which CEB has a major shareholding of 55.2 % ( 2010, one-year study ) . It has a high grade of perpendicular integrating holding power coevals, distribution, transmittal, retailing giving it the monopoly statues in Sri Lanka.CEB uses different signifiers of bring forthing energy from fossil fuel to renewable energy beginning such as hydroelectricity. Establishing its presence around the island in the most scenic environments.CEB presently has a registered histories of about 4.4 million occupants in Sri Lanka ( 2010, CEB one-year study ) . 1.1 Case brief CEB is in a crisis state of affairs due to many internal and external factors that can non be avoided by the board of CEB.The losingss have staked up to Rs.40 Bn which has a strain on the authorities every bit good as the economic system. This is chiefly due to the exchange rate volatility of Sri Lankan rupee and that thermic energy, which requires Diesel to bring forth energy which is imported, therefore exchange volatility. This study is to the board of CEB on the Strategic analysis, strategic Choice and strategic execution to turn CEB from a loss doing company to a coveted state of affairs for all stakeholders. While researching alternate beginnings that would assist increase the productiveness and efficiency to foster aid CEB s unfavourable situation.decieding on a planning technique to guarantee that operations would be uninterrupted and would cut down the force per unit area on the authorities as this organisation is a province owned operation. 2. Rational planning tool for strategic preparation Strategic planning is a systematic, formalistic attack to scheme preparation Rational planning method will be used to guild the strategic preparation for CEB in order to run into the undermentioned objectives- Overcome the inauspicious fiscal state of affairs of losingss. Explore other renewable beginnings of energy to prolong a better hereafter. Avoid future proficient interruption downs to a mere minimal per centum. Increase productiveness and cut down load on the Sri Lankan exchequer. Position Audited account Mission and aim Corporate assessment Implication and reexamine Strategic rating Strategic options Environmental audit 2.1 Mission and Objective What is a scheme? This is the procedure of explicating a class of actions A ; way that a house should be in a long term position Scheme is theA directionA andA scopeA of an organisation over theA long-run: A which achievesA advantage for the organisation through its constellation ofA resourcesA within a challengingA environment, to run into the demands ofA marketsA and to fulfilA stakeholderA outlooks hypertext transfer protocol: //tutor2u.net/business/strategy/what_is_strategy.htmA For CEB to win in the chase of acquiring the company in a better place by altering its schemes they must first clearly defined Vision and mission statements to guarantee that the direction has a general way that it could take for in a span of 5-10 twelvemonth or more. Vision Enrich Life through Power ( CEB one-year study, 2010 ) Mission To develop and keep an efficient, coordinated and economical system of electricity supply to the whole of Sri Lanka, while adhering to our nucleus values ( CEB one-year study, 2010 ) Schemes are formulated based on first looking at the Mission and Vision of the company, this would Give a Specific Direction that CEB indented to be in the long term position ( 5-10 old ages ) .CEB intended to Maintain efficient economical systems while supplying a quality service to its clients, which its falling short of due to many proficient lacks and external hardship. The new scheme should straight reflect what the mission statement intended to offer to its stakeholders. 2.1.1 Measuring Stakeholder powers of CEB Stakeholders are parties that have vested involvement on the concern activities. They span from employees to clients CEB must measure what are their chief groups of stakeholders in order to maintain them satisfied so that the company can execute their operations without breaks. Stakeholder groups in CEB Stakeholders Power Interest Description Customers 5 7 These persons are the 1s who buy the services of CEB. Buy devouring the electricity that CEB generates and pay them for the units consumed. As CEB is the monopoly power provider in Sri lanka this group of Stake holders will non hold much power Suppliers 8 4 This stakeholder refers to the providers of stuff required for CEB to bring forth the electricity that is purposes to provide. Suppliers have a higher bargaining power compared to the power of CEB As crude oil is a panics resource Government 8 8 CEB is presently Owned by the authorities so they are likely to hold high power and involvement in the operations of CEB Local community 4 4 These stakeholders are like to hold non much power or involvement in the activities of CEB because they may non be straight involved as client or stockholders Trade brotherhood A ; Pressure groups 6 8 This group of stakeholders are with high involvement of CEB s activates cause it may hold a direct impact on the occupations or environment. .u23decee9d86aa5127d840e493c94b9f9 , .u23decee9d86aa5127d840e493c94b9f9 .postImageUrl , .u23decee9d86aa5127d840e493c94b9f9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u23decee9d86aa5127d840e493c94b9f9 , .u23decee9d86aa5127d840e493c94b9f9:hover , .u23decee9d86aa5127d840e493c94b9f9:visited , .u23decee9d86aa5127d840e493c94b9f9:active { border:0!important; } .u23decee9d86aa5127d840e493c94b9f9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u23decee9d86aa5127d840e493c94b9f9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u23decee9d86aa5127d840e493c94b9f9:active , .u23decee9d86aa5127d840e493c94b9f9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u23decee9d86aa5127d840e493c94b9f9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u23decee9d86aa5127d840e493c94b9f9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u23decee9d86aa5127d840e493c94b9f9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u23decee9d86aa5127d840e493c94b9f9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u23decee9d86aa5127d840e493c94b9f9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u23decee9d86aa5127d840e493c94b9f9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u23decee9d86aa5127d840e493c94b9f9 .u23decee9d86aa5127d840e493c94b9f9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u23decee9d86aa5127d840e493c94b9f9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Concept Of Discourse Community EssayThis is on the Scale of 1-10 one being weak and 10 being strong Mendelow s matrix Degree centigrades: UsersUserDropboxB324_1_004i.jpg ( mendelow s matrix ) A class The local community falls under this class, harmonizing to the the theory CEB should non direct its strategic resources to this quarter-circle as it non traveling to Affect CEB and its operations. B class the clients fall in to this class as CEB is the monopoly energy provider to Sri Lanka. However they are interested in the pricing of the Electricity as they will hold to pay for their ingestions. So CEB should maintain its clients informed if there is any major alterations that would impact them like pricing or Power failures. C class this stakeholder group has high power but does nt hold much involvement in the activities of CEB as it may be undistinguished. Suppliers to CEB autumn into this catogoy.where they have a better bargaining power as coal is non extracted from within Sri Lanka and has to be imported from Middle East or Latin America. D class Government falls into this class because CEB is a authorities tally organisation, Government makes the determination and has the power to command schemes. Harmonizing to mendelow they should be kept the chief stakeholders that the Company should be looking to fulfill. CEBs should implement schemes that will increase the authorities s wealth 2.1.2 The corporate hierarchy theory This theoretical account provides an overview to CEB of each Slab that will necessitate appropriate schemes in order to map as an efficient and dynamic house. Cooperate schemes the overview of the whole organisation and moving as an Index to the stakeholders where the house should be. Corporate schemes must be deiced by the board of managers of CEB as to which Business should CEB be in? CEB holding many SBU under its parent company umbrella they should measure if the company as a whole is synchronized to one way in the strategic position. Schemes must be formulated in this degree for the hereafter of CEB, if they find future chances in other concern so that they could diversify. Business schemes All the CEB s SBUs schemes aggregated into one long term program to guarantee the success of the concern from fall ining all the hydro power works schemes to thermic works schemes, IPP Thermal workss and little power manufacturers etc Functional schemes include selling schemes, new merchandise development schemes, human resource schemes, fiscal schemes, legal schemes, supply-chain schemes, and information engineering direction schemes. The accent is on short and average term programs and is limited to the sphere of each section s functional duty. Each functional section efforts to make its portion in run intoing overall corporate aims, and hence to some extent their schemes are derived from broader corporate schemes that CEB would hold in topographic point. After a thorough apprehension of all the degrees of schemes that CEB should be see, a strategic program should be put in topographic point to accomplish a successful scheme. CEB presently operates in a market with monopoly statues. This provides the direction with the chance of utilizing a long term strategic be aftering tool instead than emergent planning. 2.2 Critical analysis of Cooperate assessment Cooperate assessment connects the vision and the aims environmental audit and place audit to understand the procedure connexions better in the organisation. There are twosome of tools that can be used to transport out this assessment such as SWOT Analysis, Value concatenation, GAP analysis, Benchmarking. When explicating schemes the Internal environment and the external environment of CEB should be critically evaluated in order to do the schemes more value adding and to do it suited to the context and state of affairs the company is presently traveling through. Position audit will be used to see the current place of the governmental organisation and the Environmental analysis will critically measure the factor of the environment that might impact the organisation. 2.2.1 Position Audit SWOT Analysis of CEB A critical appraisal of the strengths and failings, chances and dainties ( SWOT analysis ) in relation to the internal and environmental factors impacting an entity in order to set up its status prior to the readying of the long term program ( Neil Botten, 2009 ) SWOT is a really powerful tool to analyze the current nucleus competences of CEB and do certain they can follow schemes to better on its strength and hold on the chances while minimising its dainties and cut downing its failing. Presently the SWOT for CEB is as follows: Presently CEB is a governmental organisation with monopoly power and being a regulative organic structure has limitless power in the current market.CEB besides possess alone integrating island broad from administering to bring forthing and retailing, this is a huge strength that CEB possess. As CEB is a governmental organisation it is indebted to make occupations and this has become a major ground for concern in stakeholder satisfaction, as the powerful trade brotherhood have made strategic determinations hard to implement and transport out without a major work stoppage or revenge by the employees. Sri Lankan is a developing state and there is a great addition in demand for power during the old ages. Giving it an unsaturated market that can bring forth major income in the hereafter. As the CEB is submerging in organisational and internal issues the dainty such as power larceny from people who delay payments to people who use unethical agencies to avoid paying for the service they used is turning. Besides as CEB generates a batch of power utilizing fuel that has to be imported they face a hazard of exchange rate fluctuations and dealing hazard. This besides is due to the high volatility in the Srilankan Rupee compared to the US dollar which the Oil barrels are purchased in. 2.2.2 Environmental analysis Plague Analysis for CEB Component Description Political PUCSL has been already set up under the commissariats of the Public Utilities Commission of Sri Lanka Act No. 35 of 2002 to modulate the physical substructure sectors, it will be empowered to put to death ordinance merely when the single industry statute laws are enacted and made effectual. The province polies have made it clear that energy should be provided at the lowest possible degree to the client of the industry. ( national energy polies and schemes for sri Lankan, 2006 ) Economic GDP existent growing rate is 8 % GDP per capital $ 5300 8.307 million ( 2011 est. ) labour force by business industry: 24.2 % ( affect CEB ) Unemployment rate 4.9 % ( 2010 EST. ) Budget excess ( + ) or shortage ( ) -7.3 % of GDP ( 2011 EST. ) Exchange rates: Sri Lankan rupees ( LKR ) per US dollar 112 ( 2011 est. ) 113.06 ( 2010 est. ) 114.95 ( 2009 ) 108.33 ( 2008 ) 110.78 ( 2007 ) ( Sri Lanka Economy Profile 2012. 2013 ) Social Presently due to the Growth in the state and the high instruction degrees of the citizens, they are demanding a more renewable energy beginning without consuming the natural resource of the universe Technological Technological development has advanced and increased the demand for electricity and other energy beginnings. Such as hydro and turbine green power etc. The PEST analysis is a utile tool for understanding market growing or diminution, and as such the place, possible and way for a concern. A PEST analysis is a concern measuring tool. PEST is an acronym for Political, Economic, Social and Technological factors, which are used to measure the market for a concern or organisational unit. All this information is on or before 2010*** Once the corporate assessment is to the full evaluated the strategic options must be considered in order to run into the aims of the Company in the best signifier possible. 2.3 Strategic option coevals and critical rating There are many theoretical accounts that can be used to bring forth schemes to get the better of several of CEB jobs like heavy losingss and high trade brotherhood powers. For this study intent we will be bring forthing schemes from Porters generic competitory strategic theoretical account Product market schemes Divestment schemes 2.3.1 Poters Generic schemes Harmonizing to Michel porter ( 1980 ) , there are three possible successful generic strategic attacks to surpassing other houses in an industry . Elementss Description Overall cost leading Lowest cost manufacturers compared to the completion. Where due to the houses core competences they enjoy a decrease in cost or due to the graduated table and size of operation they enjoy economic systems of graduated table Differentiation Making a Differentiated merchandise that the industry broad clients are willing to pay a premium monetary value to bask the merchandise or service .u7bb1a5488c9021f3f0302d214fa095af , .u7bb1a5488c9021f3f0302d214fa095af .postImageUrl , .u7bb1a5488c9021f3f0302d214fa095af .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7bb1a5488c9021f3f0302d214fa095af , .u7bb1a5488c9021f3f0302d214fa095af:hover , .u7bb1a5488c9021f3f0302d214fa095af:visited , .u7bb1a5488c9021f3f0302d214fa095af:active { border:0!important; } .u7bb1a5488c9021f3f0302d214fa095af .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7bb1a5488c9021f3f0302d214fa095af { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7bb1a5488c9021f3f0302d214fa095af:active , .u7bb1a5488c9021f3f0302d214fa095af:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7bb1a5488c9021f3f0302d214fa095af .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7bb1a5488c9021f3f0302d214fa095af .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7bb1a5488c9021f3f0302d214fa095af .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7bb1a5488c9021f3f0302d214fa095af .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7bb1a5488c9021f3f0302d214fa095af:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7bb1a5488c9021f3f0302d214fa095af .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7bb1a5488c9021f3f0302d214fa095af .u7bb1a5488c9021f3f0302d214fa095af-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7bb1a5488c9021f3f0302d214fa095af:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Role Of Quantity Surveyor Construction EssayFocus Serves a narrow strategic mark more efficaciously than challengers who are viing more loosely Evaluation of the schemes Presently CEB is holding many proficient issues due to its undependable power workss around sir Lankan. Overall cost leading scheme, where it gives an uninterrupted flow of service with the lowest possible monetary value. As CEB is a monopoly, there is small to no competition, to be in line with the mission statement of Enrich Life through Power ( CEB one-year study, 2010 ) CEB must supply the service to all the people in the state and do it low-cost to all consumers. However for CEB to go a cost leader in the Power industry they must hold a sound and stable organisational construction, and should non be in an unfavourable state of affairs devising losingss. Differentiation schemes for CEB would be making new beginning of power than what it already uses. Presently they use Fossil fuel: 51.7 % hydro: 48.3 % atomic: 0 % other: 0 % ( www.indexmundi.com ) By CEB making alternate beginnings and distinguishing its merchandise by traveling into renewable energy such as air current and solar power, Biomass or even atomic might be able to bear down a premium from the consumers who concerned about conserving the environment.Sri Lankan being a state which needs touristry to hold an influx of foreign modesty demands to conserve its scenic beauty which many other states lack. Thermal, Diesel and crude oil energy pollutes the environment doing server environmental jobs, hence Investing in Nuclear power which is clean beginning of energy will assist continue the beauty and the economic system therefore assisting CEB in the Future. CEB has many options to take and distinguish its merchandise and service being in an island with abundant of resources. Focus schemes are non the most suitable for CEB as it is a monopoly and has to bring forth, conveyance and retail all the energy demand of the state. This scheme will accommodate a smaller private electricity manufacturer. 2.3.2 Product market schemes Ansoff matrix Ansoff demonstrates the strategic way unfastened to the house in the signifier of a Matrix. ( Adopted from Ansoff, 1965 ) Degree centigrades: UsersAmjadDesktopAnsoffMatrix.jpg Elementss Description Market incursion Firm addition its gross revenues in the present line of concern Merchandise development Widening the merchandise scope available to the houses bing market Market development Here the house develops through another group of purchasers for its merchandise Diversification Here the steadfast gets involved in a wholly new industry CEB presently has a registry client base of around 4.1 million users has possible to derive more in comparing to Sri Lankan pollution of 21 million ( Approximately ) . ( www.indexmundi.com ) So by doing the power more low-cost CEB would be able to increase its Customer base. By deriving Economies of graduated table through the figure of new clients CEB will be able to better the pricing of power. Sri Lankan is a fast developing state with possible and the energy market is non saturated. CEB must do distribution channel to farther metropoliss and town in the rural countries. Constructing towers to transport the electricity will be a good deserving investing as the clients and market has high demand. The other directional scheme that would be looked at is the Product development. CEB would put in new beginning of energy or do the current beginning of energy more efficient. The other energy beginning as stated above under Poters generic schemes could be adopted to get the better of the current state of affairs of loss devising and inefficiencies in the dodo fuel production of energy. 2.3.3 Divestment schemes CEB being a State owned establishment has to follow with the governmental ordinance and orders, Thus CEB is doing tremendous losingss and is inefficient. Divestment schemes will assist CEB taken over by a private direction with stockholders therefore holding a better control and involvement over the concern. Divestment could be selling of the direction to a private proprietor or selling assets that being in negative NPV to CEB such as the loss doing power workss Norochcholai and Lakvijaya which would better its loss devising procedures and better the efficiency by holding a more concentrated unit to pull off. 2.4 Issues in divestment that CEB faced CEB being a house that has a big pool of labours has really powerful labour brotherhoods which is forestalling Divestment or any other action that will assist better the CEB lose doing state of affairs. CEB could better the Losingss that it s facing by depriving the loss doing power workss such as Norochcholai which give CEB monolithic losingss of 6.5 billion rupees. ( The Sunday leader, 2012 ) nevertheless it s non possible due to the labour brotherhood and the power they hold as stakeholders. CEB could decide many of its jobs by divestment, nevertheless the trade brotherhoods must foremost be dealt with. Some schemes to cover with the labour brotherhoods are- Pass statute laws As CEB being a province owned organisation they could go through a statute law to censor illegal work stoppages and break of work and have the the trade and labour brotherhoods pay for the losingss. This would discourage the idea of traveling against the direction determinations. However this could impact the authorities s relationship with the ballot base. Educated and pass on portion the vision of the determination of the direction. Make the employees understand the demand for the alteration. This scheme is clip devouring and there s no warrant it would work Compensate and council because CEB will be cut downing its labour force they will revenge against the determination, by supplying them a compensation bundle they will be able to understand the determination and assist CEB travel through with the strategic determinations. 3. Reduce load on exchequer Presently CEB imports the FUEL needs therefore the Countries shortage is besides increasing in size. Fossil fuel: 51.7 % hydro: 48.3 % atomic: 0 % other: 0 % ( www.indexmundi.com ) Where the hydroelectricity is generated in Sri Lankan but 51.7 % is foreign exchange cut downing in the modesty of the state. Besides Sri Lankan non exporting adequate merchandises means the depletion of modesty are greater than the satiety. The exchange rate fluctuation besides is a ground for the load to increase on the exchequer and the loss of net income to increase in CEB. CEB should follow a Growth scheme mentioned above and do its sustainable by cut downing the demand for fuel which is imported in $ . This would assist cut down the load on the authorities and the revenue enhancement policies. CEB should better an farther invest in R A ; D to place sustainable green energy that will a cheaper beginning of natural stuff that besides could be found within the island of sri Lankan. 4. Decision and Recommendation In decision CEB is running at a major loss every twelvemonth due to its direction inefficiencies and the external factors such as Fuel and Exchange rate fluctuations. The most appropriate schemes to get the better of the losingss and the inefficiencies must be to deprive the major loss devising workss that CEB presently operates. This would assist CEB concentrate more on the workss that are running expeditiously and better them. CEB would besides be able to put in a more suited beginning of power like Wind, and Hydro as Sri Lankan is an island and has this resource in copiousness. This type of power beginning will assist CEB go a more sustainable manufacturer with a CSR facet. Trade brotherhoods power demands to be diluted in order to take CEB from a loss devising house to a more favourable sitatuion.this can be achieved if they educated and counterbalance the work force therefore cut downing the opportunity of the labour force acquiring demotivated and going unproductive. Having merely a base of about 4.1 million registry users CEB must better its distribution and affordability to clients around the island by decrease the cost and bettering the service. Cost can be reduced through Economies of graduated table by increased figure of users, CEB being the monopoly house in the electricity market they could so derive Economies of graduated table. Besides harmonizing to Ansoff theory CEB must develop a wider scope of merchandises that will give the consumers a better choice.CEB must develop a more efficient and cost effectual signifier of energy that will be more attractive to its consumers. Finally this study would be concluded by stating the heavy losingss and high power trade brotherhoods would be stopped one time the inefficiencies and loss devising division are divested by CEB. By utilizing Rational planning procedure to guild the company in choosing and measuring the most appropriate schemes.

How Can I end Violence in my School essays

How Can I end Violence in my School essays How Can I Help To End Violence In My School? Being from High School, I have not had the disadvantage of growing up in a violent school system. Although the school systems are quite calm, there is an occasional fight or argument. I believe that there are ways I can contribute to the fight against this violence in my school and I am ready to begin trying. A simple way that I could prevent violence in my school is to try to get along with my fellow classmates as well as the faculty. If everyone would do the same, violence in my school would be a thing of the past. It is a great idea to develop an honest and trusting relationship with the faculty of your school. The teachers, principals, and counselors are there for students whenever they need to talk or report something. A few examples of getting along with others are: thinking before you say something hurtful, even when it is not meant in that context, and treating others with respect as well as kindness. Another way to prevent violence in my school would be to report any suspicious behavior to my principal, teacher, or even programs such as "Crimestoppers". This is an excellent way to stop violence before it starts simply by letting an adult intervein. If you hear someone talking about a fight or any other incident which doesn't comply with the school rules don't be afraid to report the person's behavior. A final way in which to stop school violence is to accept diversity. No two people are the same. We all feel, think, and act differently. So what if we don't agree with everything everyone says? Who cares? It is certainly no reason for us to be violent toward each other. If we could learn to accept people for who they truly are, then we should have no problem with violence, not just in schools, but anywhere. In conclusion, I believe violence is a huge issue in schools. Every one of us has to do our share to resolve the ...

Monarch Migration

Monarch Migration The phenomenon of monarch migration in North America is well known, and quite extraordinary in the insect world. There are no other insects in the world that migrate twice each year for close to 3,000 miles. Monarchs living east of the Rocky Mountains in North America fly south each fall, gathering in central Mexicos Oyamel fir forest for the winter. Millions of monarchs gather in the this forest area, covering the trees so densely that branches break from their weight. Scientists aren’t sure how the butterflies navigate to a place they have never been. No other population of monarchs migrates this far. The Migrant Generation: The monarch butterflies that emerge from chrysalides in late summer and early fall differ from the previous generations. These migrant butterflies appear the same but behave quite differently. They will not mate or lay eggs. They feed on nectar, and cluster together during the cool evenings to stay warm. Their only purpose is to prepare for and make the flight south successfully. You can see a monarch emerge from its chrysalis in the photo gallery. Environmental factors trigger the migration. Fewer hours of daylight, cooler temperatures, and diminishing food supplies tell the monarchs it is time to move south. In March, the same butterflies that made the journey south will begin the return trip. The migrants fly to the southern U.S., where they mate and lay eggs. Their descendants will continue the migration north. In the northernmost part of the monarchs range, it may be the great grandchildren of the migrants that finish the trip. How Scientists Study Monarch Migration: In 1937, Frederick Urquhart was the first scientist to tag monarch butterflies in a quest to learn about their migration. In the 1950’s, he recruited a handful of volunteers to help in the tagging and monitoring efforts. Monarch tagging and research is now conducted by several universities with the help of thousands of volunteers, including school children and their teachers. The tags used today are small adhesive stickers, each printed with a unique ID number and contact information for the research project. A tag is placed on the butterfly’s hindwing, and does not impede flight. A person who finds a tagged monarch can report the date and location of the sighting to the researcher. The data collected from each season’s tags provides scientists with information about the migration path and timing. In 1975, Frederick Urquhart is also credited with finding the monarch’s wintering grounds in Mexico, which were unknown until that time. The site was actually discovered by Ken Brugger, a naturalist volunteering to help with the research. Read more about Urquhart and his lifelong study of monarchs. Energy-Saving Strategies: Remarkably, scientists discovered that migrating butterflies actually gain weight during their long journey. They store fat in their abdomens, and use air currents to glide as much as possible. These energy-saving strategies, together with feeding on nectar throughout the trip, help the migrants survive the arduous travel. The Day of the Dead: The monarchs arrive at their Mexico wintering grounds en masse in the final days of October. Their arrival coincides with el Dia de los Muertos, or the Day of the Dead, a Mexican traditional holiday that honors the deceased. The indigenous people of Mexico believe the butterflies are the returning souls of children and warriors. Sources: Monarch WatchLongest Regularly Repeated Migration, University of Florida

How Ballet can help a Football player Improve his skills Thesis

How Ballet can help a Football player Improve his skills - Thesis Example There is certainly a commonality between the coordination of ballet dancers as they swap position, move in and out, to the front and to the back of the stage, and the coordination of football players as they coordinate defense and offense, position themselves vis-a-vis the opposing team, etc. Further, both activities share immensely similar physical skills. Both require poise, balance, grace, rhythm, coordination, timing, and lower body strength. Further, male ballet roles involve lifting a partner while themselves often being one leg or on tiptoes, a skill that is directly fungible to tackling. Swann agrees: â€Å"[Ballet and dance] helped a great deal with body control, balance, a sense of rhythm, and timing† (Time, 1999). In fact, ballet might be more beneficial to football players than to dancers. Anyone who has seen a large, muscular person struggling to do a pull-up knows that, pound for pound, it is actually easier to raise a smaller body than a larger body up the way a ballet dancer does. For someone weighing two hundred to three hundred pounds to be able to put all of that weight onto tiptoes is an incredible feat. Indeed, the usage of many disciplines like ballet, dance, yoga, mixed martial arts, karate and Tai Chi has become entirely commonplace among football for the last twenty years (Pollack, 2005). It is a little bit of a clichà © among sports-writers to write a story on this topic, in fact (Pollack, 2005). However, there is a surprising dearth of actual comparative evidence for these claims, as sensible and plausible as they might be. Pollack notes that, while football players have embraced yoga, dance and karate/MMA, so has everyone else. These are common in the broader culture. How much better are they than comparable bodybuilding techniques like weightlifting, running exercises and football drills? My proposal for a study to test the efficacy of ballet versus other types of football training is to study two teams

The Long Road to Brown Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Long Road to Brown - Essay Example The case started in 1951 when the thirteen parents of the town with the assistance and representation by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) started a lawsuit in the US District Court for the District of Kansas over the racial segregation in the schools arguing that separate facilities were inherently unequal and the segregation itself had a negative effects on the education of African American children (Cozzens, â€Å"Brown v. Board of Education†). After the decision of the lower court was announced, the Browns and NAACP decided to appeal to the Supreme Court where the key representative and actual winner of the case was Thurgood Marshall. The case challenged the â€Å"separate but equal† doctrine, established by the case of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). According to the concept of the doctrine separate public facilities of equal quality did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution which provided for the equal protection of the laws to all citizens of the US. One of the apprehension was that because of the precedent, the court would tend to rule in favor of the Board of Education (Cozzens). When the case of Brown v. ... The protest demanded the adequate facilities for black Moton school which were extremely unequal in comparison with white Farmville school. The strike was supported by NAACP that urged the students and their parents to demand the desegregation in the court (â€Å"Student Strike at Moton High†). Starting from 1930s NAACP were seeking to challenge the â€Å"separate but equal† doctrine by applying the strategy to bring the topic of injustice to the lower courts and then appeal the cases to the Supreme Court. In the particular case NAACP argued that the segregated education was bringing the message of inferiority which could discourage the Black children to study. Those who wanted to keep the status-quo were arguing that since the segregation was inherent element of the way of life in those places, the segregated education should have been maintained because it prepared Black children to face the segregation further in their lives (â€Å"NAACP builds the case†). The Brown decision followed by the negative reaction in the South. In several states there were records of violence. In Virginia the Senator Harry Byrd launched the ‘Massive Resistance’ campaign against the school integration. This campaign gained the support of more than 100 schools on the South. On the community level the reaction took the form of the White Citizens Council in order to preserve the ‘Southern way of life’ applying various methods from public condemnation to legislative lobbying. The importance of the question over how black students would be admitted to schools lied in the quality education for Black children. The integration was a means that guaranteed the proper funding and facilities to all children regardless their race. The better education would obviously put an end to

Medium & light industries Essay Example for Free

Medium light industries Essay Medium light industries have also received a significant portion of the industrial development funds because they are less capital intensive than heavy industry and they can generally turn a quicker profit. Chinas textile industry is the largest in the world, which is why its typically referred to on its own as opposed to being grouped within the light industry branch. Chinese enterprises have a competitive advantage in the textile industry because of the abundant supply of cheap resources, which includes labor and raw materials such as cotton. China ranks among the world leaders in the production of coal and oil. Coal is the primary energy source among petroleum, electric power, and coal in China. Therefore, a vast majority of the coal that is mined is consumed domestically. On the other hand, the petroleum industry has expanded beyond the domestic consumption capacity. Thus, the petroleum industry also services foreign markets with crude oil and other refined petroleum products to a certain extent. Services Chinas service sector (tertiary industry) includes many industries such as food beverage, banking financial services, retail trade, commerce, legal services, health services and insurance services. Similar to the manufacturing and industry sector, Chinas service sector has blossomed with the economic reforms of the last two decades. Before the reforms Chinas service sector was virtually non-existent. Today the service sector has grown to account for 33.8% of the countrys GDP (2002 est.). Retail trade has taken in Chinas urban areas. The roads are now lined with a multitude of privately owned shops and street markets. In the larger towns and cities immense shopping centers and department stores are also common. Western food and beverage chains such as Kentucky Fried Chicken, Pizza Hut and McDonalds are also popping up in residential areas. Before the reforms, tourism was very limited because government policies prevented almost all foreigners from visiting China. Today this industry is receiving more attention because the government sees this market as an opportunity to earn foreign dollars. To accommodate tourism many hotels have been built, airline destinations within the country have grown and historic sites, such as the Great Wall, have been opened to foreigners. The communications industry has also benefited from the economic reforms. The telecommunications industry boomed during the 1990s and now telephone service can be found in basically every locality although only 16.7% of households have a phone. Today there are many magazines and over 2,000 newspapers published across China. Radio and television broadcast are also in abundant supply reaching 75% of the population although only 1 citizen out of 3 owns a television. The States heavy hand compels the media to refrain from reporting on politically sensitive issues. As a result, the media adheres to a strict code of self regulation to ward off further government manipulation. Trends and Outlook According to the official figures reported for real GDP, Chinas economy grew to $1,405.95 billion, an increase of 9.1% which is higher than the rate that was forecasted. Government officials speculated that with the spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) virus across China the consequences would be felt in the form of an underperforming economy, especially in the services sector. Therefore, an annual growth of 7-8% was predicted although many in the economic community felt this figure was too low. Chinese officials arent intentionally sandbagging the forecasts. Instead they are still acquiring the knowledge and skills necessary to make accurate macroeconomic forecasts, which can be quite difficult in China whose economic statistics are generally misrepresented, especially at the provincial and local levels. The following 2 graphs illustrate Chinas GDP, CPI RPI since 1996. After falling 0.8% in 2002, Chinas consumer price index (CPI) increased slightly in 2003 by 1.2% compared to the previous year. By location, CPI increased by 0.9% in urban areas and by 1.6% in rural areas. The increase in CPI is somewhat misleading because of state interference. Although price controls for commodities are virtually nonexistent, the state indirectly influences the prices for 13 broad categories of items such as electric power, transportation, communication, and some services. Retail prices continued to drop by 0.1% from the 2002 level, which has been on a downward trend for 6 consecutive years. Analyst believe this downward trend is an indicator that China might not be able to sustain or create the needed high levels of consumption and investment required to fix the structural problems that plague the countrys economy, especially from the private sector. China essentially fixes (pegs) the exchange rate of the yuan to the U.S. dollar allowing it to float against other currencies in accordance with changes in the values of the dollar. Although officials recognize the need to eventually switch over to a market-based exchange rate mechanism, the time frame for implementing such a mechanism hasnt been defined. Consequently, the yuan exchange rate remained relatively stable in 2003. Chinas balance of payments remained in a strong position as a result of interest rates that fell for countries in the west (United States) and due to Chinas current account which continued its good standing. Although the trade surplus was $25.5 billion in 2003, this was a decrease from the previous year by $4.9 billion. The countrys foreign exchange reserves saw considerable growth to $403.3 billion, an increase of $116.8 billion compared with 2002 end of year figures. The following 2 graphs depict Chinas foreign exchange reserves and foreign direct investment. The principal growth sectors in China continue to be within the secondary and tertiary industries. The value added in the secondary industry for 2003 was $744.31 billion and $453.84 billion for the tertiary industry which represents an increase of 12.5% and 6.7% respectively over last year. Conversely the value added for the primary industry, which employs half of the labor force, was only $207.8 billion representing a meager growth of 2.5% year-on-year. The continued high growth rates in the secondary industries is fueled by government spending to build the states infrastructure, technical upgrades by leading enterprises, and a tremendous upsurge in the output of steel, which is needed to supply the construction materials and manufacturing equipment required to service real estate development. Although the SARS outbreak had detrimental effects on the retail sales and other service industries, this segment is expected to show signs of a rebound in the near future. This holds true esp ecially for the telecommunications sector. China is now home to the largest wireless and wireline networks in the world and preferential government policies have made this sector very attractive. Although its not reflected in official figures, Chinas labor surplus continues to be problematic for the economy. Income inequality is also an area of concern where urban residents annual disposable per capita income amounts on average to $928 compared to rural figures of $298 which is will below the World Banks $1 per day, i.e. $365, poverty line standard. Other main problems that quell economic and social development include energy shortages, a weak legal structure, corruption, nonperforming loans, inefficient state operated enterprises and most important a socialist system that interferes too much with pricing, interest rates fees, and general market control. TRADE China ranks 4th in the world for exports at $431.6 billion based on 2003 estimates, trailing the United States, German, and Japanese exports. On the other hand, 2003 estimates indicate that the PRC ranks 3rd in the worlds imports at $397.4 billion. The trade balance between the values of imports and exports continued Chinas long standing trend of having a trade surplus. As Chinas foreign relationships improve and barriers against trade fall, its projected that the trade surplus will eventually diminish in magnitude. The worlds economic community frequently had problems with Chinas human rights policies during the 1990s. American disapproval was particularly poignant to the point that the United States teetered on the verge of withdrawing Chinas normal trading status (historically referred to most-favored-nation trading status). Understanding how important the normal trading status was for the countrys continued growth, Chinese officials radically changed the regulations and rules governing trade and investment. The sweeping reforms were aimed at increasing international competition and investment, decreased protectionism for domestic enterprises by limiting previous barriers on U.S. imports of agricultural and industrial goods, and by decreasing tariffs. In turn, the U.S. Congress ratified legislation in 2000 granting the PRC permanent normal trading status based on the belief that improved trading relations will foster labor, environmental and human rights reforms in China. Regulations and Standards Chinas foreign investment and trade policies have historically lacked transparency. This has resulted in a system that generally creates a great deal confusion when it comes to trade and foreign investment because the rules and regulations governing business activity can not be obtained easily; therefore, they arent applied consistently and they often vary by region. Other downsides include poor protection of intellectual property, unequal treatment between domestic and foreign companies, and an inadequate mechanism for resolving disputes. December 11th, 2001, marked Chinas accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO). Even though China is now a standing member of the WTO, the PRC still has a long way to go to adopt all the necessary WTO regulations, which is being accomplished through reforms and the passage of new legislation. Chinas entry into the WTO has not only improved the countrys growth potential but it will also service the Chinese people by improving labor, environmental, and human rights conditions, which will ultimately affect the Chinese culture to a certain degree. Significant changes resulting from the WTO accession include tariff cuts and a dramatic expansion of trading rights in 2002. In 2003, China further reduced tariffs and reformed its tax system in an effort to lessen the distinction between foreign and domestic enterprises based on the principle of national treatment. Quotas on imported goods have also been considerably lowered. The latest change deals with the WTOs transparency requirement. As of July 1st, 2004, the Chinese government promulgated reforms for business licensing. In the past enterprises wishing to do business with China had to undergo an approval process through the Ministry of Commerce which was time consuming, cumbersome, and not clearly defined. The new system utilizes a registration process that is clearly defined and easily accessible with little or no barriers to trade for individuals or legal entities seeking import and or export licensing. Therefore, the registration process is expected to remove yet another trade barrier by making Chinas market more accessible to foreign entities wishing to operate within and to China.

Overcoming Physical Challenges :: Personal Narrative Essays

Overcoming Physical Challenges    I'm 17-years-old and I feel like I'm about twice my age. I have had a strange childhood and have gone through a lot. The reason is due to several medical conditions I have. I prefer calling them physical challenges rather than handicaps or anything like that.    I would have to say this all started when I was 11-years-old. My legs just started giving me trouble. I was having a lot of trouble doing my dancing and baton classes because my knees kept feeling like they were popping out. I ignored it for a while, but eventually it came to be too much so I had to go see a doctor. After my exam, my doctor diagnosed me with sublexing patellas, which means my kneecaps pop out of place. This was just the beginning of my trouble.    About a year later, my muscles started to atrophy in my legs and I lost all muscle tone. I was devastated emotionally and physically. I could no longer walk, so I was put in a wheelchair. With this I lost not only my physical mobility but also my dreams of being a professional dancer. My mom stood strong and took me to see the best doctors she could find and this led me to the Shriners' Hospital in Montreal, Canada. Here is where I received my first ray of hope. By the time I left I was walking with a walker and then just a cane. They were like miracle workers. I slowly gained back my muscle tone, but it was a long process and sometimes I just felt like giving up. I had many supporters who helped me and gave me the strength and courage I needed.    I thought this would be an end to my medical problems, but then one summer I stopped breathing for no understandable reason. My mom revived me and then I was taken to the doctors to find out I had acquired costochronditis, which is the inflammation of the muscles near your sternum. My breathing troubles continued and they also decided to try some medications on me, but none worked, so we let things go.    Then just when I thought my life was floating back to normal for the average 13-year-old, I again encountered a new medical diagnosis. This time I was diagnosed with fibromyalgia, which affects all the muscles and bones in my body and explains some of my earlier trouble.

Street Dreams and Hip Hop Barber Shops Critique

Brad Weiss’s ethnographic research on popular culture, hanging out in barbershops and bus stands, seamstress tables and video halls, was carried out in the northern Tanzanian city of Arusha. In â€Å"Street Dreams and Hip Hop Barber Shops† Weiss does a great job observing the everyday life of the people in Arusha. He explores how globalization and neoliberalism affect the mindset of a community and shows the reader how gender role, media, and self-fashioning can play a big role in a person life. Weiss’s fieldwork and observation is very accurate and informative for the most part but looses the reader in some of the topics that he presents. Brad Weiss does a great job in his chapter on gender and the role that it plays in the community of Arusha. Much of the book has been focused on the expressions of masculinity and the understandings of men that are concerned with gendered personhood, many young men in Arusha comprehend themselves and their relationships with one another in terms of what they imagine women and femininity to be like. But Weiss takes a chapter to turn to women’s practices to show how the cultural process of perception and embodiment allude to the iconography of western culture. Weiss revealed to the reader that women like to keep up with the times in Arusha just like men and they are very conscious about their look and the way they present themselves. Men use magazines and catalogues to keep up with the latest trends but women are one step ahead and use commercials and movies to stay updated. Weiss’s observation was very informative and accurate. This observation proves that globalization can influence people all around the world and have a big effect on a society. Weiss regularly shows the importance of globalization in his writing. His observation on the youth of Arusha was very precise and shows the reader how globalization and neoliberalism can shape a persons life immensely. Weiss tells the reader that through hip hop posters and magazines the younger generation of Arusha use it as a guide for fashion, music and lifestyle. This illustrates how the themes of inclusion and exclusion that shape popular practice-from the assertive modes gendered performances at bus stands and hair salons, to the fashion sense of tailors and their clients, to the viewing preferences of video audiences-operate in Arusha. He explains to the reader that the young men and women of Arusha are social actors who try to find a niche and struggle to participate in a world that is significant for them. I strongly agree with Weiss’s point and believe that every young person in any society are social actors who try to fit in a world that they feel is right for them and use popular culture and globalization as a tool to get there. Brad Weiss does a great job showing the reader that barbershops around Tanzania are more than just a place for getting a haircut. He explains to the reader in great detail that the people of Tanzania see barbershops as a place for obtaining news, catching up on the latest trends, gossip, discovering new music, or just simply hanging out. Barbershops provide men with a â€Å"chance†, an â€Å"opportunity† or a â€Å"place† during times of uncertainty. Weiss spends most of his time at barbershops because it is a great place for studying popular culture and allows him to see what the clients at these barber shops find interesting. There were some things that I found problematic in Weiss’s writing that can turn off some readers. Some parts of the book he tends to over analyze and bore the reader with useless facts. I found myself being turned off during some parts of the book where he begins to ramble on and on. In the introduction chapter he doesn't do a good job of catching the readers attention and takes a long time to get to his point. His writing sometimes ends up being very difficult to read and enjoy at the same time and I found some chapters extremely tedious. Weiss’s writing style can be very uninteresting and dull in the beginning of the book but he later compensates by providing interesting topics and arguments. One thing I really like about Weiss’s writing is that he interacts with the people of Tanzania and takes time to show the reader their story and what they go through in his writing. In one chapter he tells the story of two barbers named Hussein and Ahmed who cut hair at the â€Å"Bad Boyz† barbershop. He provides an ethnographic backdrop to the kinds of activities that go on in the shops and streets. This helps the reader better understand the thought process of the people that Weiss comes across and what they go through on a daily basis. It also gives the reader a different perspective on the effects of neoliberalism and globalization through the eyes of the people in Tanzania. Throughout the book Brad Weiss provides the reader with good background information about the people he observes and tells the reader their story. I find it very useful that he takes time in his writing to make sure the reader understands exactly what is going on instead of just presenting his observations. I was very impressed by how accurate Brad Weiss’s observations were about barbershops and the people that go there in Tanzania. I believe in third world countries barbershops serve as a place for great social activity and exposure to the western culture, people rely on barbershops keep up with the times. When I visited Bangladesh couple summers ago I noticed that most people who go to barbershops go there to socialize and keep up with the latest trends that are coming from the west instead of actually getting a haircut. Just like in Weiss’s writing about the people in Tanzania, Bangladeshi barbershops also have cut posters from magazines decorated around the shop of musicians and athletes and share many of the same characteristics. Overall I found â€Å"Street Dreams and Hip Hop Barbershops† very informative. For the most part I enjoyed reading about the topics and arguments Brad Weiss presented in his work. He did a good job informing the readers about the norms of the Tanzanian society and had a lot of interesting observations. I believe in his writing he had more strengths than weaknesses. Even though some chapters were dull and hard to read Weiss provides interesting information to the reader make up for his flaws. I learned from this book that globalization can integrate societies from all around the world more easily than I previously thought. Exposure to things like food, music, movies and fashion can have a great effect on a group of people from country that doesn't have much culture. Globalization is like a ripple effect that can change the thought process and way of life of an individual and â€Å"Street Dream and Hip Hop Barbershops† did a good job showing that effect.

Critically Analyze the Following Claim: ‘Class Is No Longer Relevant in Australia in the Twenty-First Century’

Critically analyze the following claim: ‘Class is no longer relevant in Australia in the twenty-first century. ’ The relevance of social class in Australia has been disputed as to whether it still exists. There are a lot of arguments and opinions on this issue but class inequality is evidently still in force in twenty first Australia. Contemporary Australian society discriminates the difference of social classes through economic status, education and geographic location.The power struggle in social class is analyzed in theorist Karl Marx’s â€Å"Communist Manifesto† where the Bourgeois (ruling class) and the Proletarians (working class) are discussed as to how classes are shaped in societies which can then be applied in twenty first century Australia. Bill Martin’s â€Å"Class† discusses the distinction between working and middle class in Australia today compared to a generation ago in accordance to materials, geographic location and employmen t.In Australia, economic status, employment and property ownership refers to what the person earns and owns which are very important factors in determining social classes. A person’s economic status is determined by their employment and employment in Australia is classified in white and blue collar workers. The white collar workers fall into the ruling class category where they obtain degrees, maintain high wage and use their skills/knowledge from the degree to obtain an office job wearing white dress shirts (which is where the word white collar is derived from).Whereas the blue collar workers fall into the low-middle class category, where the workers are employed as tradesmen or laborers as they have physical work with standard wage which don’t require high qualifications. These two main tiers of collars are implemented in twenty first Australia which is a fundamental aspect of determining social class as the white collar workers have wealth putting them in power of t he working class which verifies that there is underlying capitalism.In relation to economic status, property ownership is another fundamental aspect of determining a person’s class in Australia as it defines the person’s wealth. Property can consist of houses, investments, cars, savings accounts, land and any materials with value. Property ownership was Marx’s main argument in determining social class as, â€Å"The bourgeoisie cannot exist without constantly revolutionizing the instruments of production, and hereby the relations of production, and with them the whole relations of society,† (Marx 771) which argues that if the person doesn’t have some form of ownership then they didn’t have resources for production which would classify them as a laborer putting them in the working class. Property ownership distinguishes the two classes from each other in Australia as it is seen through the works of the Labor party as it has a large group of pe ople in the working class leaving them to manage capitalism.Marx’s infamous quote, â€Å"The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles,†Ã‚  (Marx 79) makes it clear that class struggle is needed to create the division of classes. Jim Kemeny writes â€Å"Australian capitalism highlights the way in which the Australian ruling class is likely to differ from those of other middle-sized capitalist societies,† (Kemeny 103) where the ruling class in Australia is weakly developed in retrospect to the economy.Capitalists have the capital and the workers own their power to labor which only receives one third of their produce as the other two thirds are taken by the capitalists which keeps the classes separated; this is evident in Australia due to technological advancements where the laborers are being replaced by technology putting people out of jobs which explains how the rich get richer and the poor get poorer.This division of labour in Australia can also be analysed by sociologist Max Weber as he thought Marx’s theory was too simplistic, indeed there were different classes but they were classed according to property, power and prestige (class, power and status). Weber’s theory also applies in Australia as Australians value mateship and children have the opportunity to enter a different class through their manner of speech, respect in the society, education achievements and social leisure habits which can increase their â€Å"life chances†.Power is doing anything you desire while being able to control other people whether they object or not. In Australia, power is exercised by the government, controlling the nation’s rights and keeping the classes separated. Prestige/status is how the person is perceived in the community/society. Property will usually lead to prestige and power but property is mostly held by the people working in white collar jobs. Social welfare is provided by the Austr alian Government to the working where Centrelink provides economic assistance for the people out of work.The income support system can help with Austudy Allowance,  Carer Allowance,  Disability Support, Pension Payment, Orphans Allowance, Newstart Allowance,  Maternity Payment,  Parenting Payment, Special Benefit Payment and  Youth Allowance  which are conducted by a means test (which is usually taken advantage of). The article â€Å"Welcome to bludgetown† by Caroline Marcus discusses the different nationalities and demographics of certain suburbs that rely on Centrelink classing them in the lower tier.The geographic location of where people reside has an effect on whether they are categorized into working or ruling class as the suburbs of Greenacre, Punchbowl and Villawood (South-west Sydney) would rather accept Centrelink than find a job. The article reads â€Å"Mr Trad said Muslims suffered from discrimination when it came to applying for jobs. ‘I wonder if this gentleman has ever experienced discrimination in the workplace himself,’ he said. ‘Certainly, people with a Muslim-sounding name are not given the same opportunities †¦ s people with an Anglo-sounding name. ’† (Marcus pars. 16-18) Discrimination can be a possible explanation as to why some of these cultural groups are not employed in this multicultural country which ultimately disadvantages their children as they are automatically categorized in the working class but their geographic location has also disadvantaged them because they are influenced by other people from their culture making them reluctant to even apply for employment which leaves them to stay in the working class.Geographic location can affect a person’s class which is evident in â€Å"Class† by Bill Martin which tours around in three shopping centres in Adelaide. Martin identifies the different stores, cars, clothing, education and occupation in regards to three d ifferent suburbs. The ruling class is evidently Eastside where most of the stores are upmarket, half the cars in the car park are mostly European, clothes are chosen carefully, their children go to private schools and have a dominant occupation of doctors, lawyers, accountants etc.Putting them in the ruling class as opposed to Rosedale where there are discount shops through connected malls, most of the cars in the car park are Holdens, Fords and Toyotas, their clothes are old, their children attend public schools that are trying to defeat drug problems with very few that attend university and have a dominant occupation of public servants, delivery drivers and secretaries.Martin clearly distinguishes between the two suburbs in their two tiers of class. It is evident that the children growing up in Eastside are a lot more likely to become members of the ruling class and the children being raised in Rosedale are more likely to stay in the working class as they are almost destined to ca rry out the same outcome as their parents and very few follow through to higher education to obtain high wage and status.In Australia, the media plays an important role in distinguishing between the classes in Australia as stereotypes are portrayed in the media to make it obvious that class is still an existing factor in society. The Australian nation may want to believe that there isn’t class discrimination and that everyone is middle class but this claim is evidently false which can be understood in the article â€Å"Whatever happened to the classless society? by Thornton McCamish. The article identifies Australians as an unequal country in reference to class discrimination as McCamish writes about how Australians are portrayed in TV shows such as Summer Heights High where Jamie, a high class ‘snob’ attends a public high school for a semester as opposed to her private girls college and assumes that everyone attending public schools are living in poverty (†˜povvo’) classing them in the working class.This assumption isn’t widely made or accepted among Australians as the TV show exaggerates reality but people watching the series may take that into account and might reassess their social status in terms of school placement but the fact of the matter is working class parents can only afford public schools which have higher risks to drug abuse and teen pregnancy. It shows that Australia went from a very egalitarian country to a country with underlying class discrimination issues, that may not necessarily be evident as to where the dividing line is but it is present in twenty-first century Australia.The article reads â€Å"Ignoring class didn't make socio-economic divides go away, just harder to get your head around. Especially once the Howard government took to our class structure with a rhetorical Dymo, replacing labels such as †ruling class† or †working class† with new ones such as †elitesâ⠂¬  and †battlers† – a category that seemed to embrace anyone with a swinging vote. Meanwhile, our very rich (not part of the †elites†, puzzlingly) got very much richer. † (McCamish pars. 6)Masking the names of the ruling or working class doesn’t make class discrimination irrelevant and evidently ignoring the divides doesn’t make class irrelevant either. To conclude, it is obvious that class is still an existing factor in twenty-first century Australia making it relevant especially due to the socio-economic status regarding employment, property ownership and geographic location. Conducted studies by the ABC show that 86% of Australians believe that class is still relevant in Australia.Theories from centuries ago about social classes are still relevant when comparing social discrimination to Australia’s social classes making it therefore evident that it still exists. WORKS CITED Henslin, James M. Global Stratification,  "Essentials of Sociology: A-Down-To-Earth Approach Eighth ed. Boston: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon, 2009. 170-95. Print. Kemeny, J. Capitalism- the Australian way, Arena  (Melbourne) 1978. No. 51, 94-103. Print. Marcus, Caroline. â€Å"Welcome to Bludgetown, Western Sydney. The Daily Telegraph 10 Jun. 2012. Print. Martin, B. Class, in P. Beilharz and T. Hogan (eds. ) â€Å"Sociology: Place, Time and Division†, South Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 2006. pp. 402-405. Print. Marx, Karl – Engels, Friedrich. The Communist Manifesto. United Kingdom: Penguin Books, 2002. Print. McCamish, Thornton. â€Å"Whatever happened to the classless society. † The Age 16 Aug. 2009. Print. Weber, M. The Protestant Ethic and the spirit of Capitalism, Unwin Hyman Limited London- 1985. Print.

Tree Leaf Abscission and Cellular Senescence

Tree Leaf Abscission and Cellular Senescence Leaf abscission occurs at the end of annual plant senescence which causes the tree to achieve winter dormancy. Abscission The word abscission in biological terms means shedding of various parts of an organism. The noun is of Latin origin and was first used in 15th century English as a word to describe the act or process of cutting off. Abscission, in botanical terms, most commonly describes the process by which a plant drops one or more of its parts. This shedding or dropping process includes spent flowers, secondary twigs, ripe fruits and seeds and, for the sake of this discussion, a leaf. When leaves fulfill their summer duty of producing food and growth regulators, a process of shutting down and sealing off the leaf begins. The leaf is connected to a tree via its petiole and the twig-to-leaf connection is called the abscission zone. The connective tissue cells in this zone specifically grow to be easily broken apart when the sealing process begins and have a built-in weak point which allows for proper shedding. Most deciduous (means falling in Latin) plants (including hardwood trees) drop their leaves by abscission before winter, while evergreen plants (including coniferous trees) continuously abscise their leaves. Fall leaf abscission is thought to be caused by a reduction of chlorophyll due to shortened hours of sunlight. The zone connective layer begins to harden and blocks the transport of nutrients between the tree and leaf. Once the abscission zone has been blocked, a tear line forms and the leaf is blown away or falls off. A protective layer seals the wound, preventing water evaporating and bugs getting in. Senescence Interestingly, abscission is the very last step in the process of cellular senescence of deciduous plant/tree leaves. Senescence is a naturally designed process of the aging of certain cells that takes place in a series of events that prepares a tree for dormancy. Abscission can also occur in trees outside of autumn shedding and dormancy. Leaves of plants can abscise as a means of plant defense. Some examples of this are: dropping of insect-damaged and diseased leaves for water conservation; leaf fall after biotic and abiotic tree stresses including chemical contact, excessive sunlight, and heat; increased contact with plant growth hormones.