Ddffff Essay Example For Students

Ddffff Essay The motivation behind human life is an unanswerable inquiry. It seemsimpossible to discover an answer since we dont realize where to start lookingor whom to inquire. Presence, to us, is by all accounts something forced upon us byan obscure power. There is no clear importance to it, but then we sufferas an aftereffect of it. The world appears to be totally tumultuous. We along these lines attempt toimpose significance on it through example and manufactured purposes to distractourselves from the way that our circumstance is miserably unimaginable. Sitting tight for Godot is a play that catches this inclination and perspective on theworld, and portrays it with paradigms that represent mankind and itsbehaviour when confronted with this information. As indicated by the play, a humanbeings life is absolutely dependant on possibility, and, by augmentation, time ismeaningless; consequently, a human+s life is likewise futile, and therealization of this drives people to depend on undefined, ou tside forces,which might be genuine or not, for request and heading. The fundamental reason of the play is that opportunity is the basic factorbehind presence. In this way human life is controlled by some coincidence. This isestablished right off the bat, when Vladimir specifies the illustration of the twothieves from the Bible. One of the criminals was spared. Its a reasonablepercentage (Beckett, 8). The possibility of rate is significant becausethis speaks to how the destiny of humankind is resolved; it is irregular, andthere is a rate chance that an individual will be spared or condemned. Vladimir proceeds by refering to the disconcordance of the Gospels on the storyof the two cheats. What's more, yethow is it this isn't exhausting you I trust how is it that of the four Evangelists just one talks about a hoodlum beingsaved. Them four were there or something like that and only one speaksof a hoodlum being spared (Beckett, 9). Beckett makes a significant pointwith this case of how chance is woven into even the most sacrosanct of textsthat should hold extreme truth for humankind. Every one of the four disciplesof Chirst should have been available during his torturous killing andwitnessed the two hoodlums, executed with Jesus, being spared or damneddepending on their treatment of him in these last hours. Of the four,only two report anything curious occurring with the criminals. Of the twothat report it, just one says that a cheat was spared while the other saysthat both were doomed. Hence, the rates go from 100%, to half, to a25% chance for salvation. This entire matter of rates represents howchance is the deciding component of presence, and Beckett utilized the Bibleto demonstrate this since that is the content that humankind has looked to formeaning for millenia. Indeed, even the Bible lessens human life to an issue ofchance. On some random day there is a sure percent chance that one willbe spared instead of condemned, and that individual is frail to influence thedecision. The destiny of the hoodlums, one of whom was spared and the otherdamned as indicated by the one of the four records that everyone believes,becomes as the play advances an image of the state of man in anunpredictable and subjective universe (Webb, 32). God, in the event that he exists, adds to the mayhem by his quietness. The veryfact that God permits such a discretionary framework to proceed with makes him anaccomplice. The French thinker Pascal noticed the discretion of lifeand that the universe chipped away at the premise of rates. He advocatedusing such intervention to ones favorable position, remembering accepting for Godbecause, on the off chance that he doesnt exist, no one would mind at long last, however in the event that he does,one was erring on the side of caution from the beginning, so one cannot lose. It is the samereasoning that Vladimir utilizes in his comment cited over, Its a reasonablepercentage. Yet, it is Gods quietness all through this that causes thereal misery, and this is the thing that makes Waiting for Godot a tragedyamidst all the funny activities of its characters: the quiet supplication to Godfor significance, for answers, which represents the request of all mankind, andGods quiet accordingly. The resp onse to accounting by the philosopherPascal no not exactly the clownish tramp shows how powerless we are withrespect to God+s quietness (Astro, 121). Either God doesn't exist, or hedoes not give it a second thought. Whichever is the situation, possibility and discretion determinehuman life without divine association. .uc50197c38be730cb581f7494dc7887e7 , .uc50197c38be730cb581f7494dc7887e7 .postImageUrl , .uc50197c38be730cb581f7494dc7887e7 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .uc50197c38be730cb581f7494dc7887e7 , .uc50197c38be730cb581f7494dc7887e7:hover , .uc50197c38be730cb581f7494dc7887e7:visited , .uc50197c38be730cb581f7494dc7887e7:active { border:0!important; } .uc50197c38be730cb581f7494dc7887e7 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uc50197c38be730cb581f7494dc7887e7 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uc50197c38be730cb581f7494dc7887e7:active , .uc50197c38be730cb581f7494dc7887e7:hover { haziness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uc50197c38be730cb581f7494dc7887e7 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: re lative; } .uc50197c38be730cb581f7494dc7887e7 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-improvement: underline; } .uc50197c38be730cb581f7494dc7887e7 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uc50197c38be730cb581f7494dc7887e7 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-embellishment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc50197c38be730cb581f7494dc7887e7:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uc50197c38b e730cb581f7494dc7887e7 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uc50197c38be730cb581f7494dc7887e7-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uc50197c38be730cb581f7494dc7887e7:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Facing Death EssayThe universe of Waiting for Godot is one with no meaningfulpattern, which represents mayhem as the ruling power on the planet. There is no methodical arrangement of occasions. A tree which was desolate one dayis secured with leaves the following. The two tramps come back to the equivalent placeevery day to sit tight for Godot. Nobody can recall precisely what happened theday previously. Dusks right away, and Godot never comes. The entiresetting of the play is intended to show that time depends on chance,and thusly human life depends on possibility. Time is insignificant as an immediate consequence of chance being the underlyingfactor of presence. Henceforth there is a cyclic, yet uncertain, patternto occasions in Waiting for Godot. Vladimir and Estragon come back to the sameplace every day to hang tight for Godot and experience a similar general eventswith varieties each time. It isn't known for to what extent in the past theyhave been doing this, or for to what extent they will keep on doing it, butsince time is insignificant in this play, it is accepted that past, present,and future amount to nothing. Time, basically is a wreck. One of theseemingly generally stable of the examples that offer shape to understanding, andone of the most upsetting to see disintegrate, is that of time (Webb, 34-35). The repercussions of this on human presence are represented by thedifference among Pozzo and Lucky in Act I and in Act II. Since timeis dependent on possibility and is hence pointless, human life is treatedarbitrarily and in a practica lly savage way, and is additionally good for nothing. InAct I Pozzo is making a trip to the market to sell Lucky, his slave. Pozzois sound as can be, and there is by all accounts nothing incorrectly. Fortunate utilized tobe such a lovely slave to have around, yet he Bibliography:

Really Stupid Poetry Essay example

Extremely Stupid Poetry Essay model Extremely Stupid Poetry Essay model Hoang 1 Bach Hoang Educator Donato Martinez English 102 08 April 2015 Conjugal Struggles Adrienne Rich’s sonnet, â€Å"Novella,† is about a contention between a couple. It is a daily practice for them, after a battle, one going out, the other remaining at home, and later they return to one another. Composed by Sharon Olds, â€Å"I Go Back to May 1937† recounts to an account of a messed up connection between a mother and a dad from a child’s previous vantage point. The two sonnets are about clashes in a family, between a couple, conceivably because of absence of adoration and comprehension. Rich recounts to the story, a regular battle, with a straightforwardness in language yet covered up inside are inconsistency just as a similitude, though Olds utilizes imagistic language, analogies and anaphora to portray her folks, how they are inadmissible for one another. In â€Å"Novella,† Rich methodologies straightforwardly with basic word decisions, concentrating on a conjugal contention to show the issue in a marriage. The s onnet starts: Two individuals in a room, talking cruelly. One gets up, goes out to walk. (That is the man.) The different goes into the following room and washes the dishes, breaking one. (That is the lady.) (1-6). In these first lines, one can see that Rich just uses basic words to build up a circumstance of a grieved marriage. She shows that the couple take out their animosities towards each other on the house †the spouse goes out and the wife breaks a dish. Despite the fact that the equal perspectives on a couple given toward the start of the sonnet appear to state that they are both to blame for the marriage’s issue, Rich depicts the lady as considerably more of a casualty when she says later in the sonnet: â€Å"She has no blood left in her heart.†(9), as if the spouse Hoang 2 is a vampire who has defrauded his significant other. Inconsistency is another famous component in â€Å"Novella†, showed up in line 10, 12 and 13. After the battle, â€Å"The man returns to a dim house† (10), uncovering the husband’s see about his own home. The house is depicted as an irregular house with the utilization of article â€Å"a† and as a dull deserted house in spite of the way that his significant other and kids are for the most part inside. To the man, the house is not, at this point his home that he feels good to return. Before the house, the spouse understands that â€Å"He has overlooked his key/He rings at his own door† (12-13). The way that the spouse overlooks the key shows that he likely wouldn't like to come back with his family. Accordingly, he currently needs to â€Å"rings at his own door† like a more interesting who doesn't have a place with the family. Despite the fact that the spouse gets back in the last lines of the sonnet, Rich states that the couple are eventually independent, utilizing the stars as a similitude: Outside, isolated as brains the stars also come la nd. (17-18). The stars, as a representation, speak to the couple after the battle. Outside, similar to their brains isolated to one another, the stars, dispersed in the sky, starts to squint individually. Inside, similar to the star, the couple live under the equivalent â€Å"sky† however don't generally see one another. In â€Å"I Go Back to May 1937,† one can without much of a stretch perceive how Old’s wonderful style stands out from Rich’s mundane, less symbolism one. All through the greater part of the main portion of Old’s sonnet, she is seriously enlightening, which likewise adds to the tone of her sonnet. â€Å"I see my dad walking around under the ochre sandstone curve, the red tiles gleaming like bowed plates of blood behind his head† (line 2-5). She considers her to be as a sure youngster, as strong and obstinate as the stone curve he is strolling under. Then again, she sees her mom with â€Å"a hardly any light books at her hip† and â€Å"standing at the column made of minuscule bricks†. This visual depiction of her mom causes her to appear to be an accommodating lady who might haul lightweight books around her. It additionally makes her look as fine, delicate and sensitive as the fine. In any case, words like â€Å"bent† and â€Å"blood† hold common

New Student Photo Series 2011 Post #20 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Series 2011 â€" Post #20 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Today we feature more pictures submitted by incoming students. Name: Nicole Margaretten Degree Program: MIA Pinar Del Río Province, Western Cuba.   Two boys were playing hide and seek next to their small, neon blue farmhouse. The stoic oxen and hand painted grave reminded me of The Grapes of Wrath while the giggling children capture the heart of Cuba. A plaza in La Habana Vieja, Old Havana I noticed a small boy pedaling ferociously across the plaza as I stood on the balcony of an artists studio. Quickly jumping behind a white column I waited for the perfect moment. The sky was drizzling over thousands of tiny statues. I had traveled from Tokyo to Kamakura to visit the Little Statues of Jizo. The statues pictured covered a large stone wall while thousands of smaller gray figurines filled the gardens and flowed into the walkways. Many were clothed to stay warm and lovingly surrounded by vibrant flowers and pinwheels. At first appearance the shrine resembles a magical garden, until one learns that Jizo is the patron boddhisatva of travelers and lost children. Each statue was placed by a mother who lost a child to miscarriage or abortion. Name Jaivardhan Singh Degree Program MPA-DP Location An election rally in Madhya Pradesh, India. Description India. the worlds largest democracy. Location Bihar, India.   Description The floods in Bihar which affected over 2.3 million people were one of the worst in Indian history. Here you can see a family which was rendered homeless by the swelling waters of the Kosi river. Location Satpura National Park, Madai, Madhya Pradesh, India.   Description A group of disciplined geese in height order

New Student Photo Series 2011 Post #20 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Series 2011 â€" Post #20 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Today we feature more pictures submitted by incoming students. Name: Nicole Margaretten Degree Program: MIA Pinar Del Río Province, Western Cuba.   Two boys were playing hide and seek next to their small, neon blue farmhouse. The stoic oxen and hand painted grave reminded me of The Grapes of Wrath while the giggling children capture the heart of Cuba. A plaza in La Habana Vieja, Old Havana I noticed a small boy pedaling ferociously across the plaza as I stood on the balcony of an artists studio. Quickly jumping behind a white column I waited for the perfect moment. The sky was drizzling over thousands of tiny statues. I had traveled from Tokyo to Kamakura to visit the Little Statues of Jizo. The statues pictured covered a large stone wall while thousands of smaller gray figurines filled the gardens and flowed into the walkways. Many were clothed to stay warm and lovingly surrounded by vibrant flowers and pinwheels. At first appearance the shrine resembles a magical garden, until one learns that Jizo is the patron boddhisatva of travelers and lost children. Each statue was placed by a mother who lost a child to miscarriage or abortion. Name Jaivardhan Singh Degree Program MPA-DP Location An election rally in Madhya Pradesh, India. Description India. the worlds largest democracy. Location Bihar, India.   Description The floods in Bihar which affected over 2.3 million people were one of the worst in Indian history. Here you can see a family which was rendered homeless by the swelling waters of the Kosi river. Location Satpura National Park, Madai, Madhya Pradesh, India.   Description A group of disciplined geese in height order

Easy Business Financial Analysis - 2588 Words

ALTERNATIVES We had come out two alternatives in order to help Sindy solve the dilemma she faced. The first alternative is expanding her business into middle and senior level segment after 2 years. By expanding the business, Sindy will able to get more profit. This is because the revenue that she will get from senior staff positions is higher compare to junior staff positions. The second alternative that we suggest is doing nothing. Doing nothing means that Sindy have to continue on what she do now and just focusing on the blue collar and junior staff positions. Alternative 1: Expand the business into middle and senior level segment after 2 years. Since on the first year of operation, Sindy are able to get an amazing profit as well†¦show more content†¦Sindy can change her thinking from doing nothing to doing something, but not after two years. This means that, after two years, she has to maintain on what she does now and can change it only after 5 years for example. This is because to help Sindy gain more knowledge in recruiting agency as well as gain more money. She also will be able to gain lots of experience in doing this business. This can be an advantage for her once she starts expands her business after 5 years because has lots of experience in recruiting agency. Besides that, Sindy also can gain loyalty from clients on hiring company since she is focusing in just one segment. The positions is same, therefore the clients from hiring company sometimes may also be the same. If she continuously works with the same client, the pr obability for loyalty from clients will be high. Clients will be loyal if they are comfortable with the services provided. Once hiring companies feel comfortable with Easy Business, they may recommend it to others. This is an advantage to Sindy since she can get more clients through this. Other than that, Sindy also do not have to compete with others since the competition for blue collar positions is low compare to white collar. This can reduce the level of stress for Sindy in doing the business. She also does not have to thinkShow MoreRelatedBusiness Plan For A Business Essay1708 Words   |  7 Pagesstart a brand-new business, expand an existing company, or get financing for a business venture, you will need to write a business plan. A business plan not only lends your business a sense of credibility, but also helps you to cover all your bases, increasing your chances of success. Although writing a business plan can be a lengthy, intimidating project, it is not necessarily difficult. Here is an overview of how to write a successful business plan. What to Include in Your Business Plan Your businessRead MoreManagement Accounting Information Aids Managers1639 Words   |  7 Pagesin 1995 and has grown from flying from London Luton to Edinburgh and Glasgow to 2015 where Easy Jet now flies over 600 different routes and operates across over 30 countries. Easy jet expanded its business activities to include the sale of package holidays and hotel bookings. Easy Jet has strategic objectives in which it likes to follow. These objectives are set out in Easy Jets 2014 Annual and Financial report. The objectives are as follows: - 1. Drive demand, Conversion and yields across EuropeRead MoreMcgraw Hill Companies, Inc.1325 Words   |  6 Pagescompany’s vision declaration, its intention is to â€Å"unlock the full potential of each learner.† Because the learning methods and styles are extremely important to be tailored individually, the company’s main efforts are based on making this process easy, accessible, and convenient as much as possible. 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For quick review of information and easy understanding, business organization uses spreadsheet line. Now, spreadsheet line, pie chart, bar chart will be used to analyze information. Question for the CR Which food you like in the restaurant CR has targeted almost all classed people as their target customers. On this basis, they have manufactured their products. From the product analysis, it has been clear that people like various types of food in the restaurantRead MoreSummary Topic: Financial Analysis600 Words   |  3 PagesConcerning financial analysis of a company there are four major categories to look at. These categories are sustainable income, comparative analysis, ratio analysis, and quality of earnings. In this easy I will be discussing two of the four, sustainable income, and comparative analysis. These two are very important to analyst as they give a snap shot of the future earnings. 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While there can be many reasons for business failures, often these were due to flaws in the business conceptRead MoreUsefulness And Limitations Of Financial Ratios1510 Words   |  7 Pageslimitations of financial ratios in evaluating the performance and management of companies Ratio analysis is used to describe the important relationship that lies between figures based on line items in financial statements like the balance sheet, profit and loss account, and a budgetary control organization. Ratio analysis is a technique of analysis and interpretation of financial statements. It helps in evaluating the financial position and performance of the firm, ratio analysis also allows firmsRead MoreBusiness Plan For A Business1276 Words   |  6 PagesA business plan is sometimes ignored by some people, but I think it is important to develop a good business plan. I think this should be an interesting topic to discuss about. Yesterday, I receive a phone call from a new client asking for help to build a business plan for his new business. My role in this part as a business consultant is to not blindly do the work for my client but asking them questions to generate information about his ideas, and level of involvement to better help him build hisRead MoreComparative Analysis Problem For Amazon1071 Words   |  5 Pages Comparative Analysis Problem: Amazon.com, Inc. vs. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Norbie Lara October 17, 2017 ACC/290 Scott Woodward Comparative Analysis Problem: Amazon.com, Inc. vs. Wal-Mart Stores The Inventory turnover is the ratio that will shows how many different times in a year, that the business convert’s it’s inventory into sales. When doing inventory for a business it ensures to make sure that there is enough inventory that will contrast to the amount of sales and the levels that

The Effects Of Fracking On Middle East And Other Countries...

In the world today one of the fundamental services that are required for daily living is energy. It therefore goes without saying that human beings have to engage themselves in whichever means possible to ensure that there is a sufficient and affordable energy necessary for supporting life most especially on the side of economic growth and development. Fossils forms a major source of energy, most especially oil, and this has been literally referred to as the motor of the world. In an effort to reduce dependence on Middle East and other countries for oil and gas, U.S has heavily invested in other forms of energy extraction from the core of the earth through a process that has come to be referred as fracking. Fracking is a short term that is used to refer to hydraulic fracturing. Hydraulic fracturing is a form of technology that is being used to unlock vast quantities of natural gas from shale beds. In America, shale gas covers a quarter of all gas production and it is projected that in coming decades, shale gas is most likely to have a market share of more than a half. The major advantage of fracking is that it is a cheaper way of mining natural gas and this therefore means a relatively cheap retail price (In Hester In Harrison, 2015). Cheap energy has in turn boosted America’s petrochemical industry, provided job opportunities, created other energy intensive businesses, lowered electricity bills, and has significantly reduced the amount of carbon emission released to theShow MoreRelatedHydraulic Fracking And Its Effects On The Nation Of The United States1508 Words   |  7 Pagesto as â€Å"fracking† or â€Å"hydrofracking.† It is a generally new technique for oil and gas extraction. Basically for shale gas and tight oil, including cracking of rock by a pressurized fluid. Even penetrating takes into account the infusion of very pressurized fracking liquids into shale rock layers profound inside the earth. After a well is drilled, it is c ased with bond trying to guarantee groundwater security and the shale is using pressurized water broke with water, chemicals, sand and other frackingRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Fracking Essay1352 Words   |  6 Pagesover other countries as well as the global economy. This is why hydraulic fracturing is currently such an important and controversial topic in the United States. Hydraulic fracturing, more commonly known as fracking or hydrofracturing, is the process of using pressurized liquids to fracture rocks and release hydrocarbons such as shale gas, which burns more efficiently than coal. This booming process of energy production provides a much needed economic boost, creating jobs and providing gas energyRead MoreThe Effects Of Hydraulic Fracturing On The American Economy1398 Words   |  6 Pagesbeneficial to the American economy. While beneficial, it has proven to be very harmful. As studies show, fracturing is using an absurd amount of water to complete these wells. Not o nly is the amount of water usage detrimental to our water supply, but oil companies are showing no signs of slowing down. On top of the high water usage, fracturing is physically crippling our environment with the injected fluids. With over 600 different types of chemicals added into the water mixture, how sure can we beRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing And Its Effects On The Environment1737 Words   |  7 Pagescontamination than any other method of oil extraction, which is contrary to popular belief. There have been many useful regulations that turned a once feared industry to an environmentally safe, highly profitable industry. Hydraulic Fracturing is worth the risks it poses on the environment, because it will bolster the U.S. economy and foreign policy, provide billions of Petroleum barrels and trillions of square feet of natural gas, and it is not as harmful to the environment as other forms of oil and naturalRead MoreFracking : A Better World Essay1289 Words   |  6 Pagesa b etter world. To others, a better world is to create a habitat that can sustain our population and basic needs for a healthy lifestyle. One such advancement made in recent years that has brought forth an economic boon was the introduction of hydraulic fracturing – commonly referred to as fracking. With the use of coal being regulated by the US government, regions in the Midwest United States sought a new way to remain prosperous, and fracking was their liberator. 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Many people argue that it is a way for the United States to become less dependent on foreign oil, while others argue that the environmental cons outweigh the pros of fracking. Fracking is the process of extracting natural gas from underground by drilling into the earth. This is done by injecting water, sand, and chemicals into a bedrock formation by a well (â€Å"Hydraulic Fracking†). By doing this, theRead MoreOpec Organization Of The Petroleum Exporting Countries977 Words   |  4 PagesPetroleum Exporting Countries. OPEC was established in 1961 with 5 countries. Since then, it has expanded to 12 countries: Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. As technology improves and the production of oil and natural gas fluctuates, changes in the economy will occur and create tensions and conflicts, as well as opportunities. Because of OPEC s impact on the global economy for natural gas and oil, the strengthening

Marketing Techniques Used in Marketin Products in Barclays...

(1)INTRODUCTION I am going to describe the marketing techniques used to market products in Barclays Plc and in Diabetes UK as well as their main activities. (1a)BARCLAYS PLC Sector by activity Barclays is a global profit making service provider that offers retail and commercial banking,corporate and investment banking,credit cards,wealth and investment management to over 50 countries worldwide. (1b) DIABETES UK Sector by activity Diabetes UK is the largest charity organisation in the UK that provides products and services such as retirement,life,travel,motor and home insurances as well as care events,financial services,practical information and safety-net services for people with diabetes,their family,carers and friends to help†¦show more content†¦Market penetration Barclays was the first bank in the UK to introduce personal bankers, current accounts and bank loans in the late nineties to some of its branches under a pilote scheme and now Barclays is a worldwide bank that provides these same services to more customers in this same market. Diversification Barclays corporate offer expert teams across every sector from manufacturing and technology, agriculture, oil and gas, healthcare, hospitality and leisure, retail and wholesale to restaurants and law firms and was the first bank to introduce industry specialisms in various sectors. Barclays corporate gives its customers a dedicated relationship director who can structure solutions and deliver appropriate services to boost customers businesses. (3b) SURVIVAL STRATEGY Barclays survival strategies are strategies they amend or put together to enable the company overcome financial crisis or problems. For example, when the UK was entering into a recession, Barclaycard’s sources of income were dying up so it ramped up its televisual exposure

Indian Films, Hindi Cinema Essay examples Example For Students

Indian Films, Hindi Cinema Essay examples The early films in Hindi cinema dealt with mythological stories that were based on the epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata, family melodramas describing domestic and social obstacles of Indian society, and costume dramas that included historical themes concerning stories about the saints and princes. The first Indian talkie film ‘Alam Ara’ was produced in 1931 by Adershir Irani. The film was based on â€Å"costume drama full of fantasy and with many melodious songs to intensify the audience’s emotions.† In other words, Irani conveyed the social issues of Indian society through harmonious which were usually spread and performed via folklore and stage performances. The film went on to be a successful as it attracted much more audience to see the film than stage play and performances. This film set the stage for other directors to follow the pattern to produce films with songs and to emphasize on themes such as mythological, melodramas, action, political and his torical subjects from there on with the addition of music. However, most of the earlier films contained narrations which required male actors to have the lead roles and females were given subordinated or domestic domain roles. Therefore, ever since women in Hindi cinema has been structured to play private sphere roles things that includes taking responsibility of their families, nurturing the children, standing for their familial and social rights, and advocating their neighbours and members of the communities which reflect the norms of Indian tradition goddess however in later films in 1970s and onward women were portrayed as sexual object. Therefore in Hindi cinema, the female actors have always been playing these neglected and marginal fixed classic and stereotypical roles such as being all sacrificing mothers, innocent sisters, faithful family retainers, and grandmas, and the courtesan. This paper examines the representation of women in Hindi cinema since â€Å"the Golden Age† and onward until 1980s. It discusses in detailed infor mation regarding stereotypical and archetypical roles, characteristics, and performances of the mothers and the courtesan. Outline1 THE PORTRAYAL OF INDIAN WOMEN IN FILMS2 THE MOTHER3 THE TAWAIF3.1 CONCLUSION THE PORTRAYAL OF INDIAN WOMEN IN FILMS The images of women in Hindi cinema have always been confined according to the norms of Indian traditions, beliefs, and customs. In 1950s a period known as the Golden Age of Indian of Hindi cinema , according to Gokulsing and Dissanayake, women played predominantly the roles of daughter (Beti) wife (patni), mother (ma) and (Tawaif) the other woman. The authors of â€Å"Cinema and Society in India† Gokulsing and Dissanayake state, that the Females were often represented to be the property of their parents while she is single. They were characterized to be loyal towards their husband and in laws as well as they were depicted as someone that has the lone responsibility to nurture the children and provide the basic needs in absence of male companion. In other words, Gokulsing et al stresses that women were always confined to the domestic domain and were described as naive, submissive, passive, and dependent that could not resist the â€Å"double burden† were placed on them. Therefore, women were represented in ways that give them no form of freedom, justice, or equality compare to men, but rather women are put in a position to look upon men as the head of family, society and nation. Gokulsing and Dissanayake state, these norms relating to the status of women in Indian society dates back to the ancient period as it is stated in one verse of Ramayana text â€Å"a wife’s god is her husband, he is her friend, her teacher and her life is less of consequences than her husband’s happiness†. Thus, such norms regarding women are expressed through range of roles in Hindi cinema that restricted women to perform only the roles of mothers, daughters, grandmas and the courtesan. THE MOTHER The mother archetypes in Hindi films compare to the father traditionally portrayed as someone that suffers the most economically, politically, and socially. The mother besides suffering the most, also described as a parent that has powerful image who will overcome obstacles, care, stand and fight for her family and country. Therefore, Indu Ramachandani stated, the mother in Hindi films, is characterized as self sacrificing, loving, forgiving, pious, and caring parent. The mother endures hardships and poverty from the hands of men that controls social orders and undermines the importance of women contribution to the society. Yet, the mother holds invisible â€Å"shakti† of the power, resilience, and determination of mythological goddess to fight back any circumstances she faces. Edward Gein EssayCONCLUSION The Hindi cinema has always represented women inferior comparative to men. However, being subordinated to men in Indian society not all women have been treated with same justice and equality. For instance, in films mothers always labelled in ways that reflects the norms and practices of Indian goddess. They are idealized to be caring, self sacrificing, and nurturing and often suffer from poverty, hardships or other dilemmas of the family or social aspect. In contrast, the courtesan who also is holds archetypes of loving, caring, affectionate, and nurturing towards adults. They are portrayed as a bad woman and are excluded being part of general population to have the same respect, values, rights, and freedom as an ideal mother of Indian society does. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Abbas, K.A and Sathe, N.P. Hindi Cinema, 359 in Ashish Rajadhuksha and Paul Willemen, Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema vol 1. 1998. Chakravarty, Sumita â€Å"Woman and the Burden of Postcoloniality: The Courtesan Film Genre,† in National Identity in Indian Popular Cinema 1947-1987, Austin: U of Texas P, 1993. Davidson, James. Making a Spectacle of Herself: The Greek Courtesan and the Art of the Present, 5 in Feldman, D. Martha and Gordon, Bonnie The Courtesan’s Arts: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Oxford University Press Inc: New York, 2006 http://books.google.com/books?id=U-iuYBiOkRgCprintsec=frontcoverhl=nlsource=gbs_atb#v=onepageqf=false Gokulsing, K. Moti and Dissanayake, Wimal. Cinema and Society in India, 41. In Indian Popular Cinema: a narrative of cultural change. 734 London Road: Trentham Books Limited, 1998, 2004. Gokulsing, K. Moti and Dissanayake, Wimal. The beginnings, 15. In Indian Popular Cinema: a narrative of cultural change. 734 London Road: Trentham Books Limited, 1998, 2004. Gokulsing, K. Moti and Dissanayake, Wimal. Women in Indian cinema, 77. In Indian Popular Cinema: a narrative of cultural change. 734 London Road: Trentham Books Limited, 1998, 2004. Khan, U. Amir and Chaterjee, Saibal. Stereotypes: Stereotypes and clichà ©s, 404 in Encyclopaedia of Hindi cinema by Aalok Wadhwa, Encyclopaedia Britannica (India) Pvt. Ltd. Uma Prabhu, Popular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd. Thomson Press Limited,: Noida, India, 2003. Manual, Peter. Popular Music of India, 159 in Continuum Encyclopaedia of Popular Music of the World by John Sheppard. 11 York Road London: Continuum, 2003. Ramachandani, Indu .Sources of Strength or stereotypes, 383 in Encyclopaedia of Hindi cinema by Aalok Wadhwa, Encyclopaedia Britannica (India) Pvt. Ltd. Uma Prabhu, Popular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd. Thomson Press Limited, Noida, India, 2003. Mother India. Directed by Mehboob Khan. India. Mehboob Productions. 1957. Ram Lakhan. Directed by Subhash Ghai. India. Mukta Arts. 1989. Umrao Jaan. Directed by Muzaffar Ali. India. 1981.

William Faulkner and His Rose for Emily

William Faulkner is considered to be one of the most prolific writers and among the most influential ones for that matter in the last century in American Literature. His numerous contributions to the literary field were so immense and, as a result, he became a Nobel Laureate and won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1949.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on William Faulkner and His Rose for Emily specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More His oeuvres range from novels to short stories and poems, and he has created a permanent spot in the history of American literature. A Rose for Emily is regarded as one of the most outstanding and the most controversial pieces of work. This story is full of captivating details which can make a short story really interesting for the reader and for the critics. On the one hand, the vast majority of critics admit that it is not a true style that was preferred by William Faulkner. On t he other hand, it is always interesting to develop various experiments and intrigue the audience with extremely captivating ideas. In fact, William Faulkner made a successful attempt to impress the reader: his A Rose for Emily is a unique collection of ideas and themes which are always interesting to read and evaluate. In spite of the fact that a number of negative opinions were developed around the story, even negative criticism attracted people’s attention and prove how mature the writer could be in the chosen style. Some critics defined A Rose for Emily as a kind of exploitative story not inherent to Faulkner, still, they talked about it and made the author recognizable. People said that even really talented writers could become famous and gain desirable respect and recognition only after their deaths. William Faulkner proved that popularity had a variety of sides, and he chose the one that made his famous during his life, and immortal after his death. A Rose for Emily is the story that is characterized by numerous critical opinions: readers found the story interesting, unusual, and educative; and critics tried to admit as many negative or weak points as possible and prove that the chosen style, relations between the characters, and even frequent use of flashbacks were not winning enough to introduce the most amazing work ever. William Faulkner usually chose some unpredictable development of the events in order to impress the reader and in order to make critics notice his work. Some critics admit that this story was full of â€Å"history’s unwillingness to advance, evolve, or progress† (Aboul-Ela 18). During his life, Faulkner was able to get a number of various opinions and attitudes to his work, still, he was always confident of his abilities and writing style. In general, the criticism that was developed during the time when the author was alive had more negative than positive nature, and it was hard to recognize a true interpretatio n of a story and unclear narration offered. So that â€Å"the critical cannon of A Rose for Emily has become as bloated as the character herself† (Farnoli, Golay, and Hamblin 243).Advertising Looking for critical writing on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There were many different themes which have been criticized, and critics found it rather interesting to discover weak and strong points of the story: flashbacks which helped to understand that â€Å"aunt Emily was †¦ a little different† (Faulkner and Robinette 10) seemed to be weak enough to explain the essence of the author’s message and the method of characterization seemed to be more strange. Much attention was paid to the relations between Emily and her father which lead to the tragic end of the relations with Homer. It is always interesting to define who should be blamed for a human death, women’s tears, and pain that may be spread over many people around. In fact, with the help of a critical overview, it was possible for the reader to comprehend a true genre of the shot story, and it was not a horror story but an educative lesson that proved ho blind people with their assumptions could be. In spite of the fact that Faulkner was known during his life and a number of his works had been already recognized, not all readers were able to accept his new decision to introduce horrors. And some reader accepted A Rose for Emily not as â€Å"a ghost story at all but rather a story of a woman with a domineering father who grows old and dies in the small†¦ town† (Marius and Anderson 5). In my opinion, this particular story by William Faulkner is characterized by the opinions which could be hardly differentiated before and after his death. There are many supporters and opponents of his talent as they were during his life. It is not very difficult to define some powerful aspects of the story like an amazing flashback at the end of the story when Homer was discovered on Emily’s bed. This idea proved that the power of a woman is worth attention and recognition. Even now the relations between women and men are not similar to each other, and each story may have its own end either dramatic or happy. This is why there are so many reasons to respect the achievements of the author and his ideas which are expressed through the story. A Rose for Emily seemed to be an immortal calling by Faulkner with the help of which he reminds the readers that each type of relations without considering whether it is developed at early times (like it was with Emily’s father) or when a person grows up (the relations with Homer) has its own consequences and may influence a lot of aspects which are so crucial for a human life. The work was first published in 1930 in a copy of Forum, a magazine (Reuben). It was easily one of those short stories that featured most in many collections of shor t stories. It was a work that was not easy to interpret. This is why so many possible and plausible interpretations appeared within a short period of time. The story was popular at the time of its publication. â€Å"A Rose for Emily is by far the best-known, most reprinted, most widely read, and most discussed short story† (Towner and Carothers 63).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on William Faulkner and His Rose for Emily specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In general, the story A Rose for Emily introduced by William Faulkner at the beginning of the 20th century is a perfect lesson for people who live in modern world. Very often people are blind because of the opportunities offered and cannot define their own weaknesses. On the one hand, it is a terrible truth that has to be admitted and cannot be understood. And on the other hand, A Rose for Emily becomes more amazing and educative story that fulfi ls this life and helps to discover the essence of the life. Works Cited Aboul-Ela, Hosam. Other South: Faulkner, Coloniality, and the Mariategui Tradition. Pittsburg: University of Pittsburg Press, 2007. Print. Fargnoli, Nicholas, Golay, Michael, and Hamblin, Robet. Critical Companion to William Faulkner: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2008. Print. Faulkner, William and Robinette, Joseph. A Rose for Emily. Woodstock, IL: Dramatic Publishing, 1983. Print. Marius, Richard and Anderson, Nancy. Reading Faulkner: Introductions to the First Thirteen Novels. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 2006. Print. Reuben, Paul P. â€Å"Chapter 7: William Faulkner.† PAL: Perspectives in American Literature- A Research and Reference Guide. 2010. Web. Towner, Theresa and Carothers, James. Reading Faulkner: Glossary and Commentary. Collected Stories. Mississippi: The University of Mississippi Press, 2006. Print.Advertising Looking for critical writing on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This critical writing on William Faulkner and His Rose for Emily was written and submitted by user Bo B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Rose For Emily Essays - A Rose For Emily, Homer Simpson, Emily

A Rose For Emily Essays - A Rose For Emily, Homer Simpson, Emily A Rose For Emily A Rose for emily Life is fickle and most people will be a victim of circumstance and the times. Some people choose not to let circumstance rule them and, as they say, time waits for no man. Faulkner's Emily did not have the individual confidence, or maybe self-esteem and self-worth, to believe that she could stand alone and succeed at life especially in the face of changing times. She had always been ruled by, and depended on, men to protect, defend and act for her. From her Father, through the manservant Tobe, to Homer Barron, all her life was dependent on men. The few flashes of individuality showed her ability to rise to the occasion, to overcome her dependency, when the action was the only solution available. Like buying the poison or getting money by offering china-painting classes. Life is sad and tragic; some of which is made for us and some of which we make ourselves. Emily had a hard life. Everything that she loved left her. Her father probably impressed upon her that every man she met was no good for her. The townspeople even state when her father died, it got about that the house was all that was left to her; and in a way, people were glad being left alone. She had become humanized (219). This sounds as if her father's death was sort of liberation for Emily. In a way it was, she could begin to date and court men of her choice and liking. Her father couldn't chase them off any more. But then again, did she have the know-how to do this, after all those years of her father's past actions? It also sounds as if the townspeople thought Emily was above the law because of her high-class stature. Now since the passing of her father she may be like them, a middle class working person. Unfortunately, for Emily she became home bound. She didn't socialize much except for having her manservant Tobe visit to do some chores and go to the store for her. Faulkner depicts Emily and her family as a high social class. Emily did carry her self with dignity and people gave her that respect, based from fear of what Emily could do to them. Emily was a strong willed person especially when she went into the drug store for the arsenic. She said Arsenic. I want arsenic (220). All along, the druggist wanted to know what she wanted it for and she answered back I want the best you have. I don't care what kind (220). Needless to say, the druggist never got an answer. The druggist gave Emily poison out of fear and respect, possibly. Yes, Emily didn't socialize much, but she did have a gentleman friend, Homer Barron. Homer was a Forman for a road construction company, Faulkner writes a forman named Homer Barron, a Yankee a big, dark, ready man, with a big voice and eyes lighter than his face(220). Emily's father probably would not be pleased with this affair with Homer,considering her upbringing. Homer was a 'commoner' and did not fit the social standards of her father. Of course, Emily, like most women dream of getting married and having a family and most of all, being loved. The gossip around town was spreading; the townspeople said when she got to be thirty and was still single, we were not pleased, but vindicated; ... She wouldn't have turned down all of her chances if they had materialized (221). Emily wanted to be loved, and she was determined that Homer would be her true love to rescue her from fear, fear of being alone. Indeed Emily took a great liking to Homer, but Homer's feelings about the relationship were different. It was rumored that even Homer himself had remarkedhe liked men, and it was known that he drunk with younger men in the Elk's clubthat he was not a marrying man (221). Homer left Emily and the town for three days, and then came back. While Homer was gone, Emily still was preparing for her wedding. She bought invitations and clothes for Homer. Emily grew fearful of Homer's departure, fear of being left alone again. Faulkner writes A neighbor saw the Negro man (Tobe) admit him at the kitchen door at dusk one evening. And that's thelast we saw of Homer Barron (221). Once again, a fear of

Prevention against African American Male Drop outs in high school Research Paper

Prevention against African American Male Drop outs in high school - Research Paper Example Education, therefore, remains an important tool by which many persons become empowered and the social, economic and private well-being of the people in particular country increases. A high rate of drop-outs in a country decreases the number of qualified citizens from varied backgrounds who eventually enter the political and professional ranks that make significant public policy decisions. Educating students and equipping them to become responsible, knowledgeable, socially skilled and contributing citizens should be a mission for every school. The fact that very many students never complete their high school studies has a deep and a broad impact on the long-term economic goals of U.S. The education department in U.S, the NCES (National Center for education statistics) states that the central income of people of ages eighteen to sixty-seven who had not finished high school was estimated around twenty-five thousand in 2009. Currently, a significant section of the same population is beli eved to remain in poverty while a global scale of competitiveness of the American struggle lags behind.A certain percentage of the number of students enrolled in private or public high schools in a particular year demonstrate this. For example, four percent of the total number of students enrolled in high school both in public and private school in the year 2008 left school before their second year was completed. An equivalent number of students drop out of school before the completion of their high school course.... There was not a significant difference on the year 2009 event for the rates of drop outs for both females and males. With respect to age, twenty to twenty four years aged students are more affected than the fifteen to seventeen aged students. A big question lies on the event of school drop outs with respect to why a greater percentage is made for the African American students. Although dropping out from school has been a disaster which strikes many students indiscriminatevely, the African American students are found to be greatly absorbed in the ruin. This poses a question which seeks to find out WHY or to determine the reasons behind this issue of school drop outs. This document is meant to determine the problems associated with school drop outs with respect to the African American boy child. The African American boys are greatly affected with this event since they are found to be the most affected with dropping out of school. According to researches, there are some associated reaso ns behind the problem of dropping out from school in America. This has been determined by carrying out many researches relevant to the problem. The research has been conducted through the use of certain qualitative and quantitative research methods. On the quantitative analysis, the paper describes the expected number of school drop outs in America. This includes carrying out an estimated or actual numbers of the school dropouts with respect to the race, color and age. As it has been depicted earlier, there are some varied percentages of the students who drop out of school in America. This has been analyzed with accordance to race and age. Broken down by race, the rates of the estimated event drop outs were recorded

Twelve Angry Men Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Twelve Angry Men - Movie Review Example This paper explores the film â€Å"Twelve Angry Men† directed by Sidney Lumet. Contrast and conflicts give birth to progression of the plot of a play and the film ‘Twelve Angry Men’ is not an exception in this regard. The film seriously involves and implements the process of consensus-building. Along with it, the difficulty implicated in developing these phenomena is explicitly dealt in the film. The difficulties in reaching a common point in between twelve men who ranges from varied personalities enhance the intensity and seriousness of the conflict of reaching into a common platform. The content of the film is made poignant to the extent that even the names of the characters are presented in a subvert manner in the film. Only the names of the two jurors appear before the audience while they swap their names while going out from the courthouse. The film â€Å"The Twelve Angry Men† can be perceived as lesson in conflicts. The men do not know each other, not even the audience know anything about them individually. Yet their personality, philosophy towards life and their ideologies all become pertinent through their conflicts expressed and resolved throughout the film. The exposition of the conflict captivates the film from opening to its denouement and persists till its ending. The exposure of the conflict within the plot is slow but it is steady and indicates an exercise of divergent leadership style within the same platform. The conflict presented in the film launches its audience into a plane where there is no resolution of the conflict.

Manuel Castells: Theory of Information Age

Manuel Castells: Theory of Information Age Manuel Castells is one of the most widely recognised contributors to contemporary debates about globalisation. Indeed his three volume trilogy The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture published from 1996 to 2000 was amongst the earliest, full-scale theories of globalisation. Castells transformed globalisation from a fashionable academic concept into a a whole new phase of human history. More recent contributors such as Hardt and Negri, Held, Bauman and Giddens have arguably been writing within Castells legacy. Few since however, have been able to match the boldness of Castells venture which some are already characterising as a work in the tradition of previous grand works of sociology such as Karl Marx and Max Weber. Of course, it is too early to place Castells alongside Marx and Weber but the central thesis of his trilogy is certainly all-encompassing. It is nothing less than the claim that new information technologies have not only transformed the technology of communicati on, they have not merely had a globalising impact but have brought about a new age, within which these technologies are the organising logic and principles. Very little of human life escapes this new age for Castells, from state structures and national sovereignty to the everyday individual reckoning with our own identity. In the first volume of his trilogy, The Network Society, Castells explains how the new age can be characterised as an age of informationalism. The world has shifted from industrialism to post-industrialism to informationalism (Castells, 1996). In other words the determining technology of our age is not mechanical but informational. This has brought about a whole new way in which economic activity and production is conducted, through networking. This takes place within companies, between companies and between regions. Networking is the new means for ensuring productivity, as opposed to old-fashioned heirarchical managerial strcutures which relied on the controllable logic of mechanical operations. Rather networking is informational and its technological medium is the internet. The networking society has important consequences not only for economic progress but for human relationships and the future of the nation-stae. In economic terms it means that progress is tied inextricably to in formation technology. If technology is responsible for transferring labor and matter into consumable goods and the production of  consumable goods determines economic progress then such progress is determined by information technology, and particular the manipulation of the internet. Furthermore, if human culture is significantly determined by the forms of economic activity that permeate it then the rise of the new information technologies is bound to have a rapid and dramatic impact on everyday human relationships. Perhaps the most significant of these is the impact on our conception of time. The world has become a much smaller place with the onset of information technology as we can interact and respond to each other in real time about matters of great significance. This theme is further developed in the second volume of the trilogy The Power of Identity. Here, Castells explains how the new social movements are posing a formidable challenge to the old nation-state system (Castells, 1998). These new social movements are the product of the new global economic order because this is new order is ruthless, perhaps more ruthless and brutal than previous economic orders. Whole communities and forms of life can simply by cut out or switched of. Individuals are likely to feel that their traditional roots have no value and at the same time there is very little security provided by this new order. In the End of Millenium, the third volume of his trilogy, Castells paints a gloomy picture of the trends that have been set in place by globalisation (Castells, 2000). On the one hand many will feel increasingly lost in the information age further removed from the forces that are shaping their lives. On the other hand many of those that embrace the new world or der will do so at the expense of the moral grounding that upheld previous social orders. Castells trilogy has been both widely discussed and heavily criticised. Much of this criticism has been concerned with the presentation of his ideas, that Castells covers too much ground and is uneccessarily verbose. There are more serious criticisms that can be made however. These criticisms are perhaps best highlighted by contrasting Castells work with other theorists of globalisation. Saskia Sassen provides one such contrast. For Sassen departs significantly in her account of globalisation from Castells economic and technological determinism. Whereas Castells argues that the new world order is fundamentally a new economic order and that this new economic order is  founded on progress in information technology, Sassen argues that there are two main trends that have driven globalisation (Sassen, 1996). According to Sassen these two main trends are both economic and political. And it is the development of political globalisation that tells most significantly against Castells thesis . New forms of transnational political association such as the European Union are acquiring a significant measure of political authority over process of global economic and social activities. They must therefore be understood as part of the driving force of globalisation. But political globalisation does not simply entail the transfer of power from national to international institutions. It also includes new human rights regimes. These rights have been centred around the protection, or at least the recognition, of peoples from the abuse of state power by international. Whilst human rights protection is patchy and far from universal it is one aspect of a way of avoiding the pessimistic conclusions made by Castells. Perhaps, even, a new form of global citizenship is possible through both global political institutions and the remaining and still vital democratic institutions of nation-states, which are far from disappearing as one might believe after reading Castells. But how will this be possible if, as Robertson explains, there is no prospect of any kind of unified global culture that could underpinn it. Well, perhaps it is if we follow Robertsons definition of globalisation as opposed to Castells. According to Robertson  globalisation refers both to the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the global whole. (Robertson, 1992: 8) In contrast to Castells then, who argues that in a globalised world individuals are likely to feel increasingly lost, disconnected from the forces that are shaping their lives, Robertsons globalisation leads to an increasing interconnectedness between people. This interconnectedness is obviously enabled to a significant degree by the internet. And, to be sure, not everyone is able to access the new communications technologies that are helping to drive globalisation. However, the possibility that those that are excluded from the rights and priviledges enjoyed by citizens of the west might be protected from the consequences of globalisation and might be eventually be included in these privileges is enabled by a key feature of globalisation itself. This is that in a globalised world we are more likely to position our views in relation to a far greater range of human  perspectives. In other words, globalisation involves comparative interaction of different forms of life. (Robertson, 1992:27) This process can be called relativisation, which is a process that affects both individuals and states. A more specific and more detailed exploration of the ways in which the comparative interaction of different forms of life may help to transform our world for the better can be found in theories of global civil society. There are many different versions of the theory of global civil society, but at its most optimistic it is envisaged that the key to the democratisation of forces of globalisation lies not in human rights regimes but in the development of networks of cooporation between international actors (NGOS) who can place pressure on both states and international authorities through the exchange of opinion within a global public sphere (Keane, 2003). Just as national civil societies ensured that national markets were socially embedded with moral and ethical norms, so global civil society may have this impact on the global economic order. The exposure of some of the unsavoury practices of certain global companies, such as Nike and BP, by NGOS and the paradoxically named anti-global isation movement, are surely already having such an impact. That said however, if we wanted to understand the forces that might render the prospect of a global civil society unrealized then there are few better theorists to turn to than Castells. That is if we put aside his economic and technological determinism. References Zygmunt Bauman (2000) Liquid Modernity Polity Press Keane, John (2003) Global Civil Society Cambridge University Press Castells, Manuel , (1996) The Information age: Economy, Society and Culture volume one. The Network Society Blackwell Castells, Manuel (1998) The Information age: Economy, Society and Culture volume two. The Power of Identity Blackwell Castells, Manuel (2000) The Information age: Economy, Society and Culture volume three. The End of Millenium Blackwell Robertson, Ronald (1992) Globalisation Social Theory and Global Culture. London: Sage. Saskia Sassen (1996) Losing Control? Columbia University Press

General Henry Arnold and The United States Airforce Essay -- Military,

It can be argued that General Henry â€Å"Hap† Arnold is the father of the United States Air Force. His experiences, wisdom, and foresight are what made him, in every way, a visionary leader. Due to his efforts developing air mindedness during the first part of the 20th century, he shaped what is today the greatest Air Force on the planet. I will begin by explaining his effective use of transformational leadership and the impact it has on the development of airpower. Then I will explain how his acceptance of diversity impacted the war effort during WWII and the future of the United States Air Force. First, we must know what shaped him into the leader he eventually became. Hap Arnold started out his military career somewhat average. He attended the United States Military Academy graduating in 1907. While at the academy he was not a stand out student. Hap was so average he received an assignment to the infantry, instead of the cavalry, which was highly coveted at that time, similarly to getting accepted to pilot training out of the U.S. Air Force Academy today. In 1911 he became one of the first Army aviators and even won the Mackay trophy for taking a biplane to an altitude of 6,540 feet, a record at the time (Glines, 2006). The early days of military aviation was not without danger. Hap almost died when his plane when into an uncontrolled spin. After that experience he gave up flying, stating, â€Å"I cannot even look at a machine in the air without feeling that some accident is going to happen to it (Glines, 2006).† Billy Mitchell brought him back to the flying world in 1916. While stationed in San Diego he was able to get over his f ears and return to flying. He filled several positions during his career; supply officer, Sq... ...emier airpower in the world shows this. He moved the Air Corps from a small fighting force to, at the time of his retirement, the cusp of its own service. His actions were truly transformational. He also embraced diversity. By championing women pilots he showed the aspects of an inclusive environment. If it wasn’t for this average cadet we would not be discussing to aspects of what makes a visionary today. Bibliography Daso, M. D. (1994, January 25). DTIC. Retrieved from DTIC: http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a282164.pdf Glines, C. (2006, June 12). General Henry H. 'Hap' Arnold: Architect of America's Air Force. Retrieved from Historynet.com: http://www.historynet.com/general-henry-h-hap-arnold-architect-of-americas-air-force.htm Parrish, D. B. (2008). Hap Arnold Biography. Retrieved from National WASP Museum: http://waspmuseum.org/hap-arnold-biography/

Disability and Rehabilitation: an Ethnography of the “Center for the Rehabilitation of the Paralyzed” in Bangladesh

WATER FOOD DIABETES AYURVEDA GENETICS POVERTY YOGA STDS HISTORY SEX SOCIETY FAMILY PLANNING CASTE GENDER RIOTS RELIGION HEALTH DEMOCRACY FLOODING WASTE-MANAGEMENT UNANI PSYCHOLOGY FOLK MEDICINE AFFIRMATIVE ACTION GLOBALISATION BIOCHEMISTRY OLD AGE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH MALARIA POLICY HIV AIDS WHO MEDICOSCAPES COLONIALISM PHARMACY RELIGION LEPROSY BOTOX DEHYDRATION NGOs AYUSH†¦ Disability and Rehabilitation: An Ethnography of the â€Å"Center for the Rehabilitation of the Paralyzed† in Bangladesh by Farjina Malek Health and Society in South Asia Series, no. edited by William Sax, Gabriele Alex and Constanze Weigl ISSN 2190-4294 Disability and Rehabilitation: An Ethnography of the ‘Center for the Rehabilitation of the Paralyzed’ in Bangladesh. Master Thesis in partial fulfillment for the award of a Master of Arts degree in Health and Society in South Asia at Heidelberg University 26th February, 2010 Submitted by Farjina Malek Supervisors: Dr. Gabriele Alex Prof. Dr. William S. Sax Name, first name – Malek, Farjina DECLARATION For submission to the Examination CommitteeRegarding my Master’s Thesis with the title: Disability and Rehabilitation: An Ethnography of the ‘Center for the Rehabilitation of the Paralyzed’ in Bangladesh. I declare that 1) it is the result of independent investigation 2) it has not been currently nor previously submitted for any other degree, 3) I haven’t used other sources as the ones mentioned in the bibliography. Where my work is indebted to the work of others, I have made acknowledgement. Heidelberg, 26. 02. 10 (Candidate’s signature) AcknowledgmentI would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all those who helped me to complete this thesis. I am deeply obliged to my supervisors Prof. Dr. William S. Sax and Dr. Gabriele Alex for their assistance and valuable suggestions. Also I would like to thank Constanze Weigl for helping me from the beginning to the end of my thesis. I want to thank all the members of CRP for their logistic supports during my fieldwork. My deepest thanks would go to the patients and staff of half way hostel at CRP; particularly to Aminul, Lokman and Rakib Vai.My deepest appreciation to all my friends and classmates of Masters of Arts in Health and Society in South Asia (MAHASSA); especially to Gen. She edited my thesis proposal. For editing the whole thesis, I would like to thank to my three friends name Mohi, Ratul and Munif. They did a wonderful job by reading and correcting my grammars. I would also like to thank everybody who was important for this thesis, as well as expressing my apology that I could not mention personally one by one. I am deeply indebted to my husband Labib for his continues support in my work.He is a great inspiration for my work. Table of Content a) Declaration b) Acknowledgement c) Table of contents ——————————————— ;————–i-ii d) Abstract ———————————————————————-iii-iv 1. Chapter One: Introduction 1. 0 Introduction ———————————————————————– 1 1. 1 Research Objectives ————————————————————– 1 1. 2 Preliminary Work on the Research Topic ————————————- 2 1. Literature review and the rationalization of the study ———————- 3-10 1. 4 Chapter plan of the study ——————————————R 12;——– 10-11 2. Chapter Two: Data Sources and Data Collection Methods 2. 0 Introduction ———————————————————————– 12 2. 1 My field ————————————————————————– 12-15 2. 2 Entering to the field ————————————————————— 15 2. 3 Data collection technique —————————————————— 16-20 2. The limitation and the advantage of my field ——————————- 20-21 2. 5 Sample size and time frame ——— ;——————————————— 22 2. 6 Ethical considerations ————————————————————- 22 2. 7 Conclusion ————————————————————————— 23 3. Chapter Three: Daily Life in CRP; Living with Disability 3. 0 Introduction ————————————————————————– 24 3. Expression of Pain ————————————————————— 24-26 3. 2 Everyday Recreation in CRP: Entertainment and fun ————&# 8212;——- 26- 29 3. 3 Gender and Disability ———————————————————– 30- 31 i 3. 4 Emotional Desire ————————————————————- 31-32 3. 5 Conclusion ———————————————————————— 32 4. Chapter Four: Disability in the Half Way Hostel 4. 0 Introduction: ———————————————————————– 33 4. The care giver at half way hostel ———————————————33-34 4. 2 Disability in discussion and the enco unters ———————————35- 36 4. 3 Expression of Pain and Language to indicate the disabilities ———— 36- 37 4. 4 Outing and Cultural Program: the formal entertainment of CRP——— 37- 38 4. 5 Occupational therapy and the occupation of the patients ——————– 38 4. 6 Conclusion ———————————————————————– 38- 39 5.Conclusion: Chapter Five: Conclusion 5. 0 Discussion ———————————————————————— 40-43 5. 1 Conclusion ——————————————————————&# 8212;— 43-44 Bibliography————————————————————————– 45-48 ii Abstract: In my research, I engaged in an ethnographic study at the Center for the Rehabilitation of the Paralyzed (CRP), Bangladesh, where the daily life of the disabled people and their experiences of their situation was my main focus.I evaluated their physical and mental situation by the language used by the patients, their relatives and the therapists and staff at CRP. Here language refers the representation of the physical condition (what is the synonyms and antonyms they use to indicate disabilities), and the way that patients, relative and doctors relate disability both formally and informally. My research question is ‘what is the cultural shape of disability at half way hostel of CRP’? CRP is a huge area to cover, I therefore have chosen one part of CRP and that is the ‘Half Way Hostel’.This is the patients’ pre-discharged hostel. As a data collection technique, I used participant observation. I got myself involved in their daily activities. I took part as well as observed their daily life. In addition, I took interviews and daily notes. The thesis is divided in five chapters; the first chapter’s aims were to introduce the argument, research question and then discuss different relevant literature. My argument is ‘each and every culture has its own way of understanding disability. One should not consider disability from the universal point of view’.From this argument, my research question is, ‘what is the cultural shape of disability at half way hostel of CRP, Bangladesh? ’ In the same chapter, I have also discussed how disability has been discussed in different time and literature. The second chapter is based on the description of the field and the data collection methods. I n this chapter, I described my field; mainly the physical infrastructure of CRP, I discussed the method I have used as well as the limitations and advantage of those methods and I discussed my field experiences.As a volunteer, I got an easy access to my field; which was a plus point. On the other hand, for the same reason, my informants always kept a distance with me. It was a challenge for me to overcome the distance. The third chapter has focused on different events in CRP. These events have taken place at half way hostel in different time where the fun, frustration, every day conflict, love and joy of disabled people and their relatives is pictured. This chapter also focused some patients’ case study, which is iii elpful to understand the events as well as the patients’ background. My forth chapter is the description of deferent points, where the holistic scenario of disability in half way hostel has been described. Apart of the patients, the other actors of half wa y hostel are more focused in this chapter. These other actors are the relatives of the patients, the discussants of the half way hostel, the therapists, the care giver of half way hostel and the other facilitator of the half way hostel. The concluding chapter of this study is based on the discussion of the study.The main findings of the study is the conflicts of CRP’s advocacy and patients’ own agency, the fun and frustration of the patients, the daily reaction of the relatives of the patients and also patients’ everyday language. By the whole study, I have shown a culture of half way hostel, where disability plays a very influential role. iv Chapter One: Introduction 1. 0 Introduction: The ‘Disability and Rehabilitation: WHO Action Plan 2006-2011’ notes that 10% of the total world population is physically disabled (WHO 2005: 1). Most of the literatures published by development organizations who work with the disabled quote similar values.There has recently been established an international convention regarding the human rights of people with disabilities. These two topics – the generalization of disability concept and the universal rights of disabled people, despite the differences in socio-economic conditions – motivated me to study the different cultural shape of disability and associated rehabilitation. My argument is that every disability has its own cultural shape. Moreover in a culture the disability may get different shape with the influences of age, gender, economic situation, and so on.To prove my argument in my research, I concentrated on, how disability gets its own shape in a small scale situation like half way hostel1 of CRP2. From this perspective, my research question is: ‘What is the cultural shape of disability at half way hostel of CRP? And how the different actors act to construct this cultural shape? ’ The subjects of my research, whom I refer to as actors, are comprised of CRP p atients, the relatives of patients, the doctors, nurses, and other staff who work at the CRP, and others who are either in direct or indirect contact with the CRP. . 1 Research Objectives: The cultural shape of disability at the CRP is the central focus of my research. In this context, I want to know how disability is encountered by different actors at the half way hostel of CRP. This research is focused on the understanding of how patients, therapists, workers, and relatives of patients at the CRP interact with the After getting treatment patients used to stay in half way hostel for two weeks. Here patients learn to take therapy independently; they learn how to cope with their community in a new physical condition. CRP is a national NGO of Bangladesh founded in 1979. This NGO is focused on spinal cord injured patients. CRP treats the patients as well as works for their rehabilitation in the community. 1 1 Chapter One: Introduction greater society and among themselves, as well as th e role that disability and rehabilitation plays in their daily lives. In order to address my central research question, I investigated several sub questions: †¢ What is the daily routine of a disable person and his care giver at the half way hostel of CRP? How do the patients relate their physical condition by their verbal language as well as their body languages both in formal discussion and in informal discussion or chatting. †¢ †¢ How do the relatives of the patients describe the patient’s situation? What are the differences among those disabled based on their gender, age and economic condition? 1. 2 Preliminary Work on the Research Topic: My first university3 is about 3 kilometers away from CRP. I personally first sought assistance from the CRP for back pain in 2003.As an outpatient, I had to go there several times. There were many things that interested me about the organization. First of all, they have many workers there who are physically disabled themse lves, especially the people who work at the cash counter. Later, I found a shop in the CRP compound where they sell many crafts made by the disabled in-patients. The goods of the shop really impressed me, and I wanted to know about their makers; I came to know that most of them live in the compound. As an out-patient, I knew only a small area of the much larger ground.I returned to CRP in 2006 for a severe problem with my leg (I fell down and suffered a torn ligament). I came regularly to the CRP for several days and I came to know some of the patients more closely in this time. I became interested in their lives, their perceptions of their bodily constitutions, and so on. My first university is Jahangirnagar University, which is in Savar, Dhaka. I did my bachelor and masters degree in ‘Geography and Environment’ in that university. That is why, I stayed there for 6 years from 2002 to 2008. 3 2Chapter One: Introduction In 2008, I came to Heidelberg for my MA in Medical Anthropology. As a part of our study, we visited various UN organizations in Geneva, Switzerland in April, 2009. Autonomously, I sought out Handicap International and spoke with a few members of that organization. I also went to the CBR (Community Based Rehabilitation) Project of the WHO. This study excursion increased my interest in the lay perspective of disability because I found the agendas and work policies of these two organizations to be very grounded in universality.These organizations function holistically on a single concept of disability for all different cultures and apply the same policies for disabled people all over the world. There is not even a differentiation in prescribed rehabilitation process for different cultures. I am very interested in how a universal idea can work in a local setting. To meet my interest, I sifted through different kinds of literature, to include books, articles and many reports of the organizations who work with disability issues. This lite rature review is a fundamental part of my preliminary work for my field research. 1. Literature review and the rationalization of the study: My research is focused on how the concepts of disability are encountered in different contexts, both of which need defining the terms. Defining ‘disability’ is problem because of its intricacy and multidimensionality. As a result, a global definition of disability that fits all contexts, though desirable, is nearly impossible in reality (Slater et al. 1974). Both scholars and different (national and international) organizations try to define disability with simple statements, theoretical models, classification schemes, and even through different forms of measurements.Altman observed that ‘‘there is no neutral language with which to discuss disability, and yet the tainted language itself and the categories used influence the definition of the problem† (Altman 2000:97). He also argues that defining disability has â €˜â€˜contributed to the confusion and misuse of disability terms and definitions, particularly when operationalized measures of disabilities are interpreted and used as definitions† (Altman 2000: 96). However, the concept 3 Chapter One: Introduction f disability covers its definitions, the role of the ‘experts’ (leaders in different organizations who are working with disabled people), the place of experience, and the nature of local politics at that time. Altman argues that ‘‘when trying to make sense of this variety of ideas and forms, it is necessary to take consideration the structure, orientation, and source of the definition† (Altman 2000: 96). Therefore, clarifying the variety of definitions, analyzing their sources and understanding their conceptual strengths and weaknesses in different contexts are the three objectives of y literature review. There are four basic historical categories of attributes toward disability: the individual model of disability, the environmental model of disability, the social model of disability, and the model of the interaction between the individual and social concepts of disability. In the individual model, disability was systematically identified as a characteristic of the individual person (Fougeyrollas and Beauregard 2000). Due to the functional difference of his body, it was the responsibility of that person to overcome any obstacle that he encountered.Any person with significant impairment was labeled handicapped or disabled, resulting in social exclusion and stigmatization. This conception of disability has progressively changed since the 1960s, when several people questioned this reductionist representation of disability; these voices led to the emergence of the disability rights movement (Fougeyrollas and Beauregard 2000). Despite much advancement, there is no consensus as to the determining factors of disability, notably with regard to the environment (the second model), even today.In fact, it would be more accurate to say that there is consensus on the importance of the environment but disagreement on the exact role that factor plays. On the one hand, there is a social model that attributes disability entirely to the environment, ignoring the factors related to the person. On the other hand, there is the biomedical model that mainly focuses on the person and resists consideration of environmental factors.This resistance is notably manifested within the scope of the ICIDH-1 (International Classification of Impairment, Disabilities, and Handicaps) published by the WHO (World Health Organization) 4 Chapter One: Introduction in 1980. The ICIDH-1 conceptual framework is based on the trilogy of body, person, and society (WHO, 1980). The ICIDH-1 model presents a cause-effect relationship between impairment, disability, and handicap. In this model, disease or disorder is shown as intrinsic and causing of impairment, which ultimately results in disability.F inally, both disability and impairment can be causes of handicaps. In the social model, impairment is considered to be an ‘exteriorized’ situation, disability is an ‘objectified’ situation, and handicap is a ‘social’ situation. Thus, an injury that leads to the impairment of an organ’s functions and structures, which then leads to a disability in the person’s behavior and activities, ultimately generates one or many handicaps or disadvantages concerning social or survival roles.Since the dissemination of the ICIDH and its experiment application within diverse fields of study, the problems identified, the critiques, and the adaptation to the conceptual model and classification manual have stimulated for the search for knowledge: â€Å"the most passionate debate is related to the critique of the linearity of the ICIDH model and the work that attempt to explicitly introduce the systematic approach and environmental dimension into th e conceptual model† (Fougeyrollas and Beauregard 2000: 176).The modifications brought forth by these emergent conceptual models aim to illustrate the person-environment relationship in the construction or prevention of ‘handicap’. Thus in 1992, Minaire proposed his concept of the ‘situational handicap’, defined as the result of the confrontation between the functional disability presented by an individual and the situation encountered in daily life (Minaire 1992). In that time, he published an improved version of the conceptual model, explicitly integrating diverse categories of environmental aspects analyzed in terms of situation.According to Minaire (1992), environmental aspects are both social and physical dimensions that determine a society’s organizations and context. In physical factors, he mentioned nature and the development of a society. Here, nature is defined as the physical geography, climate, time, sound, etc. , and development is manifested in the architecture, technology, and national and regional 5 Chapter One: Introduction advancement. Minaire (1992) also broke social factors into in two parts: one is the politico-economic factors and socio-cultural factors.Politico-economic factors are comprised of government systems, judicial systems, economic systems, health systems, etc. , and socio-cultural systems mean social rules, norms, and social networks. Minaire (1992) specified that one is handicapped not in the absolute but with the reference to something. In his opinion, the situational handicaps model completes the dimensions of the WHO model by integrating the person within his/her environment (Minaire 1992). Thus, a handicap is a characteristic not of the person but of the interaction between the person and his environment. In this way, Minaire refutes the linearity of the WHO classification.Following Minaire, several authors: notably Badley (1987), Chamie (1989), and Hamonet (1990) elaborated upon conce ptual models that integrated the concept of environment as a determining factor in the disablement process. The ICIDH-1 was published during a period that also a witnessed the International Year of Disabled Persons, (proclaimed in 1981 by the United Nations) and the Decade of Disabled Persons, which ended in 1992. This period was characterized be the preparation, adoption and application of policies and legislative measures aiming to promote and ensure the exercise of the rights of disabled people (UN 1983).Despite its innovative conception at the beginning of the 1970s, with the introduction of the social concepts of handicap to the biomedically oriented WHO, the ICIDH and its conceptual framework failed to become the international reference tool for persons with disabilities (Barry 1989). A worldwide disability movement, Disabled People’s International (DPI), rejected the ICIDH-1 definitions in 1981 and adopted definitions that are known as those of the ‘Social Model of Disability’ (Oliver 1996).According to this model, disability is exclusively caused by the presence of barriers within the environment and occurs because the environment does not succeed in adapting to the needs of people who have certain impairments. To improve the life situation of the people with disabilities, one must remove the environmental factors that create obstacles to their integration; the model pays little interest to their organic and functional 6 Chapter One: Introduction differences (Enns 1989; Hurst 1993). The DPI defines impairment and disability as follows: â€Å"Impairment is the functional limitation with the ndividual caused by physical, mental and sensory impairment. Disability is the loss or limitation of opportunities to take part in the normal life of the community on an equal level with others due to physical and social barriers† (DPI 1982: 3). Within a political paradigm, the social model has insisted that there is no causal relationship between disability and impairment. The achievement of the disability movement has been to break the link between bodies and social situations and to focus on the real cause of disability: Discrimination and prejudice (Shakespeare and Watson 1997).The concept of equalization of opportunities, meaning the process by which society is modified to become accessible for people with disabilities, is putting the social model into action; it was first used in a United Nations document, Decade of Disabled Persons 1983-1992: World Program of Action Concerning Disabled Persons (UN 1983). These radical changes in the early 1980s were largely the result of a partnership between the disability movement and various governments (e. g.Canada and Sweden), who adopted the new principle of participation. This new outlook of disability has influenced the development of legislation like The Charter of Rights and Freedoms in Canada and The Americans with Disabilities Act (Enns 1998: xii). From this perspec tive, disability is a political issue. Disability right activists consider that the social environment structurally creates social disadvantages and discriminatory situations experienced by people with disabilities (Driedger 1989; Hahn 1985).Disability is socially constructed and manifested in situations experienced by environmental barriers and causality is no longer placed within the body and functional limitations but in the systemic inadequacy to adapt to their specific needs and oppression (Oliver 1990). It is important to note that the adoption and application of social policies and legislation ensuring the rights of the basic human rights and equal opportunities constitute modifications of the 7 Chapter One: Introduction environment that have had an obvious impact on the disability and rehabilitation process. The impossibility of monitoring the evolution and mpact of these factors through biomedical and compensation models is centered on an inside-theindividual model of disab ility. This fact has led numerous government planners and decision-makers to support the movement for the defense of human rights in the critique of the ICIDH and the inclusion of environmental variables for monitoring and measuring the impact of socio-economic policies in the field of rehabilitation, de-institutionalization, and social participation. This change is wellexemplified within the UN standards for the equalization of persons with disabilities (Barry 1995).Another major criticism of the ICIDH-1 was its lack of conceptual clarity and overlap between the concepts of impairments, disabilities, and handicaps (Nagi 1991). This oversight is mentioned by the Committee on a National Agenda for the Prevention of Disabilities in its report, â€Å"Disability in America,† in order to explain the rejection of the ICIDH as a conceptual framework. The committee preferred the concept used by Nagi (1991), wherein the disabling process is made up of four elements: Pathology, impairm ent, functional limitations, and disability (Pope an Tarlov 1991).After much criticism, WHO changed the ICIDH-1 model. The introduction of the ICIDH-2 states that, â€Å"The overall aim to the ICIDH-2 classification is to provide a unified and standard language and framework for the description of human functioning and disability as an important component of health† (WHO 1999: 7). The classification covers â€Å"any disturbance in terms of functional states associated with health conditions at body, individual and social levels† (WHO 1999: 7).The new draft of the ICIDH-2 proposes three dimensions of the concept of disability: body functions and structure, activities in the individual level, and the participation of the individual in society; it also includes a list of environmental factors. The title of the classification has been changed to ICIDH-2 International Classification of Functioning and Disability (‘functioning’ and ‘disability’ are defined as umbrella terms). 8 Chapter One: Introduction This final conceptual scheme shows that the individual’s health condition disorder or disease) depends on the aforementioned three basic concepts, which are inter-related themselves. These inter-relations again depend on the environmental factors and one’s personal orientation. The body thus has a role in disability at any level of human life (Fougeyrollas and Beauregard 2000). The ICIDH-2 was the result of various influences. It indicates positive change because it recognizes disability within various contexts and cites socio-political and environmental models as essential for counterbalancing the biomedical and economic model based on solely the individual (Bickenbach 1993).Here, the importance of environmental factors are recognized, but there is resistance to making this a separate and full fourth conceptual dimension. The systematic nature of disability phenomenon is acknowledged, but the explanation is made even more confusing by the proposal of a complex conceptual framework that fails to clearly identify the interaction between the individual and the environment as a central factor.The importance of the individual was recognized, but as an unclear contextual factor, creating some confusion with regard to environmental factors (Fougeyrollas and Beauregard 2000). In 2006, Tom Shakespeare published his book entitled ‘Disability Right and Wrong’, wherein he critiqued the ICIDH-2 social model. He thinks that, ‘‘[social model] approaches reject an individualist understanding of disability, and to different extents locate the disabled person in a broader context† (Shakespeare 2006: 9). This social model has also been counterposed to the medical model, a limitation of the former.Shakespeare (2006) stresses three points in order to understand disability and the rehabilitation processes of disability: Social and environmental barriers, the individual concept and sufferings, and the medicalization of disability. To understand the perception of disability and rehabilitation of a particular area, it is important to know the local culture and social settings, the disabled person’s concepts, the treatment procedure for disabled person, and the political systems regarding disabled. 9 Chapter One: IntroductionIn this context of disability study, I want to focus on a particular institution, which is working with disability. I want to examine their understanding about disability and review this understanding with the aforementioned models. However, in my research, I do not take disability as a universally define phenomena, rather the local cultural understandings of disability is important. Therefore, this research is to compare the different models to CRP’s experiences of disability, arguing that culture plays a role to construct the idea of disability. 1. 4 Chapter plan of the study: This chapter describes the overall idea of the stu dy.The argument of the study is ‘every disability has its own cultural shape’. To prove this argument this research selected a small scale area name ‘half way hostel’ the pre-discharged hostel of CRP, Bangladesh. After getting treatment patient come and stay in half way hostel for two weeks to learn therapy and other works, those are important and appropriate for their physical condition. They create a temporary territory there, which have a unique cultural shape. This study is an ethnographic description of that culture, where the disability plays a vital role to give a shape of that culture.Apart of this chapter, this study has four more chapters. The second chapter is focused on the description of field and methodology. I collected information by observing and participating in the daily life of half way hostel, which is my field. This chapter is a description of the experience of entering to the field, the advantage and limitation of my field. At the sam e time, this chapter conveys the gap within the planned methodology (what was in my mind before going to the field) and the methods, what I used in my field.Third chapter is based on the daily events at my field. The aim of this chapter is to get the picture of the culture of half way hostel through the daily life activities. The argument of this chapter is, with the influences of different kind of people; like patients, relatives, doctors, and therapists, half way hostel got a unique 10 Chapter One: Introduction culture. Moreover, this unique culture is always changing due to the age, gander, and socio-economic variation of these actors.The forth chapter is more focused on the particular issues in half way hostel; for instance, discussion that take place there, type of care giver of the patients, outing and gardening for the patients and so on. The aim of this chapter is to show the contradiction between CRP’s discipline and patients’ self agency. Finally the fifth ch apter is the conclusion of the study. This chapter has drawn the conclusion by showing the contradiction between different models of disability and the scenario of disability at half way hostel. 11 Chapter Two: Data Sources and Data Collection MethodsChapter Two: Data Sources and Data Collection Methods 2. 0 Introduction: In my methodology section, I will first describe my field, which will not only cover the geographical location of my field, but also my informant types, the events that take place in my field, and my experience to enter the field. Then, I will discuss which methods I used to collect the necessary data, the sample size & time frame. At last I will stress on my ethical position at the field. 2. 1 My field: I knew CRP before as a patient1. CRP has its several centers for treating and rehabilitating of paralyzed patients in Bangladesh.CRP's headquarters are in Savar, approximately 25km far from Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh. This headquarter was my field. There are several buildings and facilities in that compound (100-bed hospital, Operation theatre, Physiotherapy Department for in-patients and out-patients, halfway hostel where patients prepare for returning to their home communities, vocational training centers, etc. ). I had a limited idea of CRP from my past visits at CRP and CRP’s website. However, when I went to CRP for my field work, I was checked by the security. They asked me, where I wanted to go. I want to meet with Mizan Vai (Mizanur Rahman is the volunteer coordinator of CRP)’ I replied. Security asked quickly, ‘which Mizan? Wheelchair-Mizan? Or Crutch Mizan? ’ It was clear to me that both of the Mizans are disabled. I replied that I was looking for the volunteer coordinator and I did not see him before. Two guards discussed together and suggested me to go to BHPI (Bangladesh Health Professionals Institute) building to find out I have been living in Jahangir Nagar University campus from 2002 t o 2008 for my bachelor and masters. This university is about 3km far away from CRP.I first went CRP for my back pain in 2003. I had to go several time there for that reason. 1 12 Chapter Two: Data Sources and Data Collection Methods ‘wheelchair-Mizan’. I passed the gate and then the out-patients area. There were around 25 out-patients in that big hall room. The two side of that hall room were open and other two sides were closed by the Doctors room. I saw one young girl was howling in pain. She fall down from the tree just an hour ago and got hurt in the back. Her father was busy to fill up the appointment form and they are waiting for the doctor. I passed them to meet with Mizan Vai.I went to the Speech and Language Therapy Department in BHPI. Mizan Vai is the lecturer of that department and the volunteer coordinator of CRP. He told me that CRP offers nine courses in BHPI; bachelor degree In Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy, Speech and Language Therapy, Nursing Dipl oma and also some other diploma and assistance courses. There is no ramp in BHPI building; however Mizan Vai has the ability to use the stairs with his hands and knees. He got another wheelchair in the ground floor. We went together to the main administrative building to fill up my volunteer form.The administrative building was situated directly opposite to the BHPI building. In the main administrative area, we got a ramp. I filled up the form and then we moved around CRP; the In-patients area, the clinical physiotherapy, occupational therapy and speech & language therapy department, half way hostel, vocational training centre, staff quarter, inclusive school and the big hall room name Redda Way Hall. For my field work, I choose the half way hostel. I knew the concept of half way hostel before from the website of CRP. I showed my interest to work there. I got an ntroduction of half way hostel and started to work there. There were twenty beds for the patients, one office room, t hree toilets, one tube-well, one office room and one hall room in the half way hostel. Three permanent staff work there; a physiotherapist, an occupational therapist and a caretaker. Most of the other works are done by the other staff of CRP; for instance, in discussion period one councilor come and then goes back to his own work or in individual therapy’s time one or two physiotherapists come and after the session they go back to their previous work.Patients come in the half way hostel after getting treatment as in-patients. The concept of half way hostel is to make patients more independent. Patients learn here how to take therapy, how to cope off with their old environment, how to do daily work more independently. This hostel runs by its 13 Chapter Two: Data Sources and Data Collection Methods daily routine. Every day from 8 am to 8. 50 am they have group therapy. The patients and the therapists select a group leader from the patients. The leader has to know the therapy. T hey have Physiotherapy for every parts of the body.After 10 minutes break, discussant from different departments like social welfare or vocational training institute, come and discuss with the patients on three days in a week. In every Saturday, the patients got the idea of half way hostel and the other three days (Sunday, Tuesday and Thursday) they discuss on various topics, such as hygiene, pressure sore, the home environment, use of wheelchair, future profession, and social relationship. Monday and Wednesday are days for gardening. Patients do gardening under the supervision of the staff of half way hostel.Though in rainy season, they have to pass their time inside the hall room. After one hour of discussion or gardening patients start to do the individual therapy. If any patient requires special kind of therapy they can learn that in this period. The care givers of the patients also learn how to give therapy in this time. At 12 pm patients go to the vocational training centre. C RP offer six types of vocational training; tailoring, computer training, electronics servicing, shop keeping, and painting training. In the half way hostel the most training is the shop keeping.A person without one leg and one hand runs this training. I did find this training is too much effective. I saw the trainees were dissatisfied with the training. I asked one trainee, who is a member of half way hostel about the training. He told me ‘look sister, I have to laugh with the customer and I will be well-mannered to them; this is not a matter of learning rather this is a matter of common sense. ’ I got only four patients out of twenty who were regular in the vocational training on that particular time. The patients, who don’t attend in the vocational training, have to go to the Redda way hall of CRP.Every day from 12pm to 1pm, patients work to produce the package and the bandage for CRP’s internal necessities. Then, they get the launch break for one and ha lf hour. They come back at 2. 30 pm from their break. In different days of the week, patients get different work on that time. On every Saturday there is a cultural program, In-door games on Sunday and Tuesday, film show on every Wednesday and Monday is for discussion. CRP has three selected film for the half way hostel’s patients; Radio Vai (Radio brother), Bihongo (The birds) and Wheel Chair.All the 14 Chapter Two: Data Sources and Data Collection Methods films are produced by CRP. After this cultural program session, patients go to the ‘wheel chair skill’ for half an hour. For this ‘wheel chair skill’ training CRP made an intricate ground. With Three trainer wheel chair users go through the ground. Before going back to the hostel, patients join in the outdoor sports for an hour. As a volunteer, I maintained the office time of CRP. From Saturday to Wednesday, I had to stay in half way hostel from 8am to 5pm and on Thursday 8am to 1. 30 pm.Very ofte n I stayed after 5pm to collect more data in their chatting time. 2. 2 Entering to the field: I entered to my field as a volunteer. Many Anthropologists face the problem to enter to the field. Dr. Shahaduzzaman did his hospital ethnography in a Bangladeshi hospital (Zaman, 2005). He got a huge problem to omit his identity as a doctor. At the same time, he was not like a patient. As a result, in the beginning it was a challenge for him to gain the faith from his informants (Zaman, 2005). I did not have this kind of problem to enter in the field.CRP always recruits a good number of volunteers. Like the other volunteers, I did not get attention from the staff and patients. However, as a volunteer, I had to do many things which are not directly related to my research topic; for instance, maintaining the attendance of the patient’s daily activities, counseling the patients, helping them in the extra curriculum activities and so on. In the beginning, I thought these duties are not relevant with my thesis. Later I discovered that irrelevant activities are very important to get a clear picture of my field.By doing these kind of works, I got a high status to the patients, in one hand which is good. I did not have any problem to collect the data; patients and their relatives were eager to give me information. On the other hand, they always behaved formally with me, which was a disadvantage for my field work. It took couple of days to break this formal relationship. 15 Chapter Two: Data Sources and Data Collection Methods 2. 3 Data collection technique: Participant observation was the fundamental method of my research: I was in the field as a volunteer for two months.I stayed in the CRP hostel, which is inside CRP premises. As a result I frequently visited half way hostel even after office time. I tried to participate in their daily life. However, the concept ‘participant observation’ broad itself; Singha (1993) mentioned four possible roles for a par ticipant observer: 1) a complete participant, 2) participant as observer, 3) observer as participant 4) a complete observer. As a volunteer, I was not able to be a complete participant, as I could not completely involve myself in the daily lives of the patients.Thus, I will not be a complete observer either. My plan was to fall into the second and third categories: I was a participant as an observer and at the same time an observer as a participant. However, many anthropologists even doubt the term ‘participant observation’. Geest and Sarkodie wrote that, â€Å"participant observation is not an easy thing to do, or to be more precise, it is impossible. Participant observation is a dream, an ideal, and a contradiction in term† (Geest and Sarkodie 1998: 1373).Therefore, I observed daily life at CRP through my work and through building an informal relationship with my informants on the site. I have used many different methods to collect the qualitative and quantitat ive data to supplement my participant observation. For the convenience of data collection, I have divided the information into three categories: place (the half way hostel), people (the patients, staff and the relatives of the patients) and events (the daily life of the hostel). For the place part, I have collected both quantitative and qualitative data.With regard to the people, my focus was on the qualitative data gathered from the patients, their relatives and the people who work there. Here, I have used different tools; In-depth interviews, case studies, mind- map, observation, Semi- structured interviews, and conversation. For the third part of my data, I gathered primarily quantitative information on the daily schedules and events at CRP and then descriptive information on each and every event of half way hostel at CRP. The following tables and the explanation, shows detail of the 16Chapter Two: Data Sources and Data Collection Methods information or the data what I need for m y research and which method I will use for collecting this information. Table 1: the Place: Half Way Hostel Place Types of information Data collection methods Potential informants/ sources of information CRP Location and history of CRP, existing facilities, staff strength, number of patients, physical environment, building arrangement. Half-way hostel Number of rooms, room arrangement, existence facilities inside the hostel Observation, conversations, secondary source.Members and workers of halfway hostel, relatives of the member Patients’ access area Vocational Training, outdoor sports, nursing service, social welfare unit’s service Observation, semi-structured and in-depth in interviews. In-patients, relatives of inpatients, workers and therapist of CRP Staff rooms Facilities inside the room, the activities that take place in the rooms. Observation, interviews. Therapists, Workers, administrative officers Observation, secondary source and semistructured interview. CR P library, staff of CRP, website of CRP, Local people 7 Chapter Two: Data Sources and Data Collection Methods To get the information on my study place, I mainly used secondary sources. CRP’s publications, website, documentaries on CRP were some of my secondary sources. Apart of these secondary sources, I took interview, observed the facilities and talked informally with all type of people at CRP. Table-2: The people People Patients Types of information Data collection tools interviews, studies/ life Social background, daily activities and In-depth accessed area in CRP, communication case ith the staff, perception about their life, histories, mind- map, views about the center and the observation treatment, Doctors Therapists / Activities of different doctors/ therapist, Observation, interaction with other staff members, structured interaction with the patients, perception in-depth of disability. Staff (excluding doctors therapists) Relatives the patients and conversation Semii nterviews, Semiinterviews, interviews, Activities of different staff; interaction Observation, with the other with staff the member, structured communication patients, conversation, erception about the patients of Relationships with the patients, Observation, case in-depth perceptions about the disease of patient, studies, experience that gathered for having interviews, disabled person in a family, interaction conversation with the CRP’s staff 18 Chapter Two: Data Sources and Data Collection Methods Three kinds of people were my target; first- the patients. I wanted to know how they describe their physical and mental condition. I focused on their language. I tried to observe which words they use for their condition and which words for the opposite condition.I participated in their daily life; I observed their work and their participation in different work at half way hostel. I took 15 interviews to know details about them. I also used mind mapping to understand disabled peopl es’ daily accessed area. My plan was to provide them pen and papers and tell them to draw CRP. From their drawing, I thought I could find the accessed area of patients at CRP. The mind mapping idea was not useful for my field because most of the patients could not use the pen and some of them got paralysis in hand so they could not even move their hand.However, all the other methods I used were useful enough. My second target people were the employees, who work for those patients. Each patient evaluates his life with a special concentration, but the employees have to deal with many patients in a day. My interest was to know their feeling on disability; how they describe the condition of a disabled person. I observed them; we discussed together on different issues of the patients and we worked together for the patients. As a result, it was easy for me to get the data from the employees of half way hostel.My final target group was the relatives of the patients. The patients, wh o cannot move their hands and legs, have to bring their relatives. At the same time other patient’s relatives very often come and rent a home outside CRP. They were also my informants. I talked to them, observed their reaction in the discussion, therapy and the other time. Very often, I participated on their evening gathering time. They discussed on different events of the following day, which was a very important source of my information. 19 Chapter Two: Data Sources and Data Collection MethodsTable 3: The Events Events Types of information Data collection tools Doctor’s/ therapist’s daily round in the half way hostel Admission and discharge of patients Discussion Dressing, distribution of medicine, washing and meals Sports, vocational training, gardening and the other extracurricular activities Interactions and the participations of the patients Procedures, interactions Procedures, interactions Procedures, interactions Observation Observation Observation and c onversation Observation and conversation Procedures, interaction ObservationThe information of different events was the most important part of my research. I attended in the regular events of the half way hostel. I saw the patient’s participations in the event, their interaction with the event and their reaction on different matter of that event. In the leisure period, I often asked to the patients and their relatives on a particular event and observed their reaction. Observation and conversation were the main methods to collect the information on the events of half way hostel. 2. 4 The limitation and the advantage of my field: There is a metal and wood workshop behind the half way hostel.CRP makes its wheel chairs, special seats for the patients, and the other metal things in their own metal workshop. The noise of welding machine of that metal workshop made the workshop area and the half way hostel polluted. It was impossible for me to tape the voice inside 20 Chapter Two: D ata Sources and Data Collection Methods the half way hostel due to this noise pollution. Often I took my interview outside the half way hostel. Another limitation of my field is that CRP works for the spinal cord injured patients. As a result, I got a particular type of disabled people there. It is indeed a limitation of my work.On the other hand, I could only focus on a specific type of informants. However these patients come at CRP just after their accident. That is why they could not imagine the loneliness of a disabled person in their local community. This is another limitation of my work. I got the informants, who are used to see too many disabled people around them at CRP. Language played a vital role in my thesis. First of all, to understand my informant’s daily speech, I needed to know the local dialect. Though my native language is Bengali, but some of the patients speak in hard dialect which is tough to understand.Moreover, to understand their jokes and silent langu age, I needed to understand the cultural context of those people. Then the problem rises with the data representation. Many things are easy to understand in Bengali and tough to translate and represent in English. Furthermore, there are many jokes, fun and frustration, which could be translated, but hard to realize the meaning because of the cultural gap. I got many advantages in my field as well. First of all I got many disabled person at a time in one area, which is a big advantage for my fieldwork. Second thing was my residence at CRP’s volunteer guest house.I could stay at half way hostel as long as I wanted as I did not have to worry about the distance between my workplace and residence. At the same time, I stayed there with twenty more volunteers. Many of them came for their study (like research, placement, and internship). I shared many things with them, and we discussed different issues, that discussions were very helpful for getting a clear understanding on the parti cular issue. 21 Chapter Two: Data Sources and Data Collection Methods 2. 5 Sample size and time frame: Before going to the field, I did not have any sample size as I wanted to do a participant observation.However after my field work I got a number of informants including their different quantitative information, which will be helpful to get an overall idea of those patients (Annex-1). I was in Half Way Hostel for two months (from 1st of August to 1st of October, 2009). During my field work period, I got 62 patients and 35 care giver in the half way hostel. Out of these 62 patients, only 10 were women. I have taken 15 in-depth interviews of the patients and had conversation with all of them. I had also 5 semi-structured interviews with the staff of CRP.Out of 5, three of them were therapists, 2 were assistant of the therapists. 2. 6 Ethical considerations I worked with the paralyzed patients at CRP. Naturally, they are more sophisticated than ‘normal people’ (according t o biomedicine), as the greater part of the society discriminates them, even with regard to standard daily movement (lack of wheelchair accessibility to facilities, or in busses, trains, or cars), education (special schools for disabled people are only for secondary level), and jobs (lower education levels mean fewer job opportunities).In my research, ethical consideration is very important because I was working with their daily experience, daily feelings, and daily reaction with the existing facilities. I also worked with the rehabilitation process and its limitations or usefulness from the point of view of the patient. Here, I will be very careful to maintain confidentiality of their information, knowing that if the CRP authorities knew that the patient was dissatisfied and complaining, that result in consequences for the patient himself. I asked all of my informants about their preference for interview methods.I used my tape recorder with their explicit. Finally, I wanted to provi de a written and signed statement of confidentiality that I would honor until they personally ratify its content. However, they all gave me the permission to write on their life and to mention their name. 22 Chapter Two: Data Sources and Data Collection Methods 2. 7 Conclusion: The focus of this chapter was to show the field and the data collection technique from the field. My field was half way hostel of CRP (Centre for the Rehabilitation of the Paralysed), Bangladesh. Half way ostel is one of the rehabilitation areas of CRP. Patients come to the half way hostel after completing their treatment from CRP. They stay usually two weeks there. I was in the half way hostel for two months. I participated in their daily life and observed their life. I collected the information by participant observation. To supplement this participant observation I have used many different methods like interviews, mind maps, case studies, and life histories. 23 Chapter Three: Daily life in CRP; Living with Disability Chapter Three: Daily Life in CRP; Living with Disability 3. Introduction In my research question, I have noted that I want to know the cultural shape of disability. This cultural shape of disability can be understood from everyday life of disable person. Disable people express their situation to the care givers; care givers at the same time express their reactions. These reactions and responses are there in the everyday life of half way hostel, which are important to understand cultural shape of disability. In this chapter I will focus on this issue. 3. 1 Expression of Pain: ‘Oh God take me, take me (Allah, tui amare nia ja)’ Ershad was shouting with this sentence.He was the only one patient in that hall room. Most of the patients went to the sports. His wife and me were sitting behind him. His wife is not too old but her face seems older and rude. There were two more patients few minutes ago; Khokon and Mofizur. I was playing chess with them; suddenly Ersha d started to cry and his wife was a bit careless. Khokon vai told me ‘look madam, how rude the wife is’. I asked, ‘what happened? ’ ‘Ershad Ershad is a 24years young married man. His home town is in Tangail, which is about 100 km far from Dhaka. He was a farmer. One day he was carying a load of paddy tree.Suddenly he fell down in a rat hole. He got hurt in his neck. His bone in neck broke. Ershad was taken directly to the district hospital and that hospital referred him to CRP. According to the assessment of the therapists, he has to use wheel chair for ever. However, the topography of his area is not plain; the area is full of up and low land. He has a house in a high land and paddy field in a low land. The low land goes under water during the rainy season at least for four months. As a wheel chair person, movement is so difficult for him. Moreover, in the rainy season, it is impossible.On the other hand he took shop keeping training from CRP and wan ted to give a shop in the market. When I asked whether it is possible to maintain a shop with this circumstance, he did not give any answer. peed in his lungi (lungi is like a skirt, but mostly the male of south Asia wear it), so his wife behaved rudely with him. Mofizur vai was leaving the room and saying himself, ‘how bad women she is, no respect for husband†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. Khokon Vai react as 24 Chapter Three: Daily life in CRP; Living with Disability well ‘my wife is 100 times better than this woman, I shout a lot, but she never reacts or behave rudely’.However, the wife of Khokon Sharder (32): He is a very talkative man at half way hostel. Before accident, he was a line man of Polly Bitdut (A company for electricity supply). He had to climb electric poles for maintenance purpose. One day he falls from the electric pole and got hurt in back. He took the shop keeping training and wants to build a shop of electronic products back in home. Ershad was careless lik e before. She was starting to do her task in a rude and quiet way; she changed Ershad’s lungi, cleaned the body, and rubbed the lower part of the body.Aminul vai, the care taker of half way hostel came and tried to make her understand ‘look don’t misbehave with your Mofizur Rahman (22): he was laying under his truck, checking its wheel, all of a sudden the truck started to move. A child had climbed up onto the truck, turned the key and got it moving towards his chest. Thus the truck driver Mozifur Rahman got his chest crushed. After having spent several months at the medical care division of CRP-Savar, Mozifur went back to his home in Khulna division to try to live the life in his wheelchair with his parents, sisters and brothers, wife and his four years old son.He would also try to find out ways to earn living for himself and his family. He would decide whether he would work as a shop keeper or earn money from renting out his parents property. He supposed to go back to his home after couple of weeks at CRP for his vocational training, but he did not leave even after three months. husband, if God wants you might become disabled in a second, who knows what is going to happen with us! ’ The woman replied that they don’t have fan in their room. Her husband could not sleep last night at all and make her awake and after a long sleepless night how could she control her temper.Aminul vai left the room and the women took a seat next to the patient. Then Ershad, the patient, started to cry again. He was splitting repeatedly. Feeling pain in the chest and could not take breath. Some patient’s relatives came by this time; they were suggesting the women to go to the nursing station. The woman was trying to pick him up to the wheel chair, but failed. I hesitated to help her not only because he was dirty but also as a Bangladeshi female it is tough for me to take a man on my arm. There were no male around. At last with the help 25 Ch apter Three: Daily life in CRP; Living with Disability f some other women, his wife picked up him on the wheel chair. Ershad was crying and shouting ‘I am dying, I am dying, call my parents, my sister, I am dying. ’ They came back after 20 munities and then the wife was shouting ‘look sister, all blamed me. Now see, he trough out the pill by vomit and again make dirty everything. I will die by cleaning and cleaning. ’ By shouting she was helping her husband to transfer him wheelchair to bed. The patient was shouting at the same time as well, ‘take me to my home, I will die. Call my sister over phone. Tell them to take me home’.Slowly the patients and the therapists came back from the field. One therapist name Lockman asked Ershad, ‘what happened to you? ’ He replied, ‘Sir, please save my life. I am dying. My two legs are burning. Please give me some ice. Lokman vai heard all the events and said to Ershad, ‘if I give you ice you will get a cold then, do you want this? This is very normal to have some pain in this time. ’ The other patients also voted in this regard. Heamayet Fakir, another patient, said ‘you don’t know how much pain I have tolerated every day. You have to adjust with it. Don’t behave like a woman. Ershad’s wife came to me and whispered ‘sister, he got a bad wind. When you get this type of bad wind, you have to suffer three times. Previously, he got injured two times and this is his last time. But this time his neck broke. I came here to treat this broken neck, but now we need to go back to kaviraj (traditional healer in Bangladesh, they mainly use the herbal medicine and very often they recite mantra for the patient’s well being). The kaviraj will give him back the strength of his hands and legs’. I asked ‘why three times of suffering? Why not more or less sufferings? ’ She replied ‘this is the rule’.He r husband kept crying. The therapist came back to him and said ‘is the pain still there? ’ Ershad cried out ‘sir someone is cutting my legs from me’. The therapist moved around to the patients and replied, ‘do you hear the sound of metal workshop, the welding sound? I ordered a pair of leg for you, don’t worry. ’ 3. 2 Everyday Recreation in CRP: Entertainment and fun There is a one hour cultural program in every Saturday at half way hostel. Normally patients get admission on Saturday in every week. Thi